| 词条 | Haximu massacre |
| 释义 |
The Haximu massacre, also known as the Yanomami massacre, was an armed conflict in Brazil in 1993. The conflict occurred just outside Haximu, Brazil, near the Venezuelan border, beginning in mid-June[1] or July[2] of 1993. Approximately 16[1] Yanomami people were killed by a group of garimpeiros, or gold miners who mine the land illegally. In the first attack, the garimpeiros killed four or five young men of the Yanomami Haximu-teri. In response, the natives made two raids against the miners, killing at least two of them and wounding two more.[1] Following this raid, the garimpeiros attacked again, killing about 12 Yanomami (almost all of them were elderly, youths or infants)[1] and burned down the Haximu village.[2] BackgroundThis massacre was the result of tensions surrounding the 1987 gold rush in Brazil, with conflict between Brazilian miners and the Yanomami people. The Yanomami tribe remained isolated until sometime in the 1960s when anthropologists found and studied the people. Between 1973 and 1976 the Brazilians built the Perimetral Norte through the southern area of the natives’ territory.[3] This road initiated the arrival of gold miners, which includes those that came during a gold rush beginning in 1987. Scholars studying the history of the gold rushes in Haximu noticed a recurring pattern of activities between the miners and the Yanomami, which Bruce Albert referred to as the "gold mining trap."[1] When the first few garimpeiros arrived, they provided the Yanomami with charitable gifts. Once the number of miners increased, the balance of power was altered, and they began to consider the Yanomami nuisances. Tensions arose when the Yanomami wanted more Western goods, such as medicine, clothes and food, which they had come to rely on after the miners arrived. As a result, violence often arose between the groups.[1] Such a pattern may have been the reason why the miners attacked the Yanomami. Claimed causesThe specific incident that caused the garimpeiros to attack the Yanomami is uncertain and accounts vary. A former tuxua (chief) of Haximu named Antonio claimed that the garimpeiros attacked his people after they stole a hammock from the miners. However, it was also reported that he claimed that 20 people from his tribe were killed,[4] which was later proven to be false.[5] Furthermore, reports by major media exaggerated the number of Yanomami who were killed, based on the account of the first Brazilian to visit the village. He claimed at a press conference to have seen several decapitated bodies there.[2] which somehow led people to believe that 73 Yanomami had died. However, due to the inability to locate the bodies,[4] discovering later that the Yanomami burned the bodies for mourning rituals[2] and interviews with survivors by Bruce Albert[1] historians and scholars have deemed this portrayal to be incorrect. Genocide allegationsIn a newsletter published on August 7, 2006, the Indianist Missionary Council reported that: In a plenary session, the [Brazilian] Supreme Federal Court (STF) reaffirmed that the crime known as the Haximu massacre [perpetrated on the Yanomami in 1993]"[6] was a genocide [...] It was a unanimous decision made during the judgment of Extraordinary Appeal (RE) 351487[7] Commenting on the case, the NGO Survival International said, "The UN convention on genocide, ratified by Brazil, states that the killing 'with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group' is genocide. The Supreme Court ruling is highly significant and sends an important warning to those who continue to commit crimes against indigenous peoples in Brazil."[6] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Ferguson, R. Brian, Yanomami Warfare (USA: School of American Research, 1995), 375. {{coord missing|Brazil}}2. ^1 2 3 Tierney, Patrick, Darkness in El Dorado (New York: W.W Norton & Company, 2000), 195. 3. ^Victor Engelbert, “A Once Hidden People: The Yanomami of Brazil’s Amazon”, World and I, May 2004, 186. 4. ^1 Vincent, Isabel. "Everyone died—the Yanomami want revenge", The Globe and Mail, August 28, 1993, sec. A6. 5. ^Details pertaining to this massacre remain elusive. 6. ^1 Supreme Court upholds genocide ruling, Survival International 4 August 2006 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cimi.org.br/?system=news&action=read&id=2049&eid=275 |title=Federal Court is competent to judge the Haximu genocide |publisher=Indianist Missionary Council }} 9 : Massacres in Brazil|1993 in Brazil|Mass murder in 1993|Yanomami|June 1993 events|July 1993 events|1993 crimes in Brazil|1993 murders in South America|1990s murders in Brazil |
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