| 词条 | Heaven in Judaism |
| 释义 |
EtymologyThe Hebrew word shamayim is constructed of two parts: sham (שָׁמַ) derived from Akkadian samu meaning "sky" or "lofty", and Hebrew mayim (מַיִם) meaning "water". In 6 Elohim separated the "water from the water". The area above the earth was filled by sky-water (sham-mayim) and the earth below was covered by sea-water (yam-mayim). The Hebrew word for the sun is shemesh. It follows the same construction, where "shem" or "sham" (Akkadian: samu) means "sky" and esh (Akkadian: ish) means "fire", i.e., "sky-fire". DescriptionThe Biblical authors pictured the earth as a flat disk floating in water, with the heavens above and the underworld below.[2] The raqiya (firmament), a solid inverted bowl above the earth, coloured blue by the cosmic ocean, kept the waters above the earth from flooding the world.[3] From about 300 BCE a newer Greek model largely replaced the idea of a three-tiered cosmos; the newer view saw the earth as a sphere at the centre of a set of seven concentric heavens, one for each visible planet plus the sun and moon, with the realm of God in an eighth and highest heaven, but although several Jewish works from this period have multiple heavens, as do some New Testament works, none has exactly the formal Greek system.[4] In the course of the 1st millennium CE Jewish scholars developed an elaborate system of Seven Heavens, named:[5]
Medieval Jewish Merkavah and Heichalot literature focused on discussing the details of these heavens, sometimes in connection with traditions relating to Enoch, such as the Third Book of Enoch.[6] See also
References1. ^{{harvnb|Fretheim|2003|p=201}} 2. ^{{harvnb|Aune|2003|p=119}} 3. ^{{harvnb|Pennington|2007|p=42}} 4. ^{{harvnb|Aune|2003|p=119}} 5. ^http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1521&letter=A#4364 6. ^Scholem, Gershom. Jewish Gnosticism, Merkabah Mysticism, and the Talmudic Tradition, 1965. Bibliography
| last1 = Aune | first1 = David E. | authorlink = | title = Westminster Dictionary of the New Testament and Early Christian Literature | chapter = Cosmology | editor1-last = | editor1-first = | editor2-last = | editor2-first = | year = 2003 | publisher = Westminster John Knox Press | isbn = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nhhdJ-fkywYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+New+Testament&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3Mn2TpmZBtKbiQeE4I2jAQ&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=cosmology&f=false | ref = harv }}
| last1 = Fretheim | first1 = Terence E. | authorlink = | title = The Westminster theological wordbook of the Bible | chapter = Heaven(s) | editor1-last = Gowan | editor1-first = Donald E | year = 2003 | publisher = Westminster University Press | isbn = | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=obj6XCWIX1AC&pg=PA202&dq=Heaven+is+unreachable+by+human+beings,+through+exceptions+are+made&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JPcdT9_lDMK0iQeXncXRDQ&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Heaven%20is%20unreachable%20by%20human%20beings%2C%20through%20exceptions%20are%20made&f=false | ref = harv }}
|last = Pennington |first = Jonathan T. |editor1-last = |editor1-first = |editor2-last = |editor2-first = |title = Heaven and earth in the Gospel of Matthew |publisher= Brill |location= |page = |isbn = |chapter = |year = 2007 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EGTaBJDQoD0C&pg=PA42&dq=ancient+Israelite+ideas+about+the+heavenly+realms&hl=en&sa=X&ei=A9X7Tu-gI5DomAXe7oWaAg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false |ref =harv }} External links
3 : Jewish belief and doctrine|Heaven|Biblical cosmology |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。