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词条 Hell Creek Formation
释义

  1. Geology

  2. Paleobiology

  3. Depositional environment

  4. Invertebrates

  5. Amphibians

  6. Fish

      Bony fish    Cartilaginous fish  

  7. Dinosaurs

      Ornithischians    Ankylosaurs    Pachycephalosaurs    Ceratopsians    Ornithopods and Parksosaurs    Theropods    Tyrannosaurids    Ornithomimosaurs    Oviraptorosaurs    Eumaniraptorans  

  8. Pterosaurs

  9. Crocodylomorphs

  10. Turtles

  11. Lizards and snakes

  12. Choristoderans

  13. Mammals

      Multituberculates    Metatherians    Eutherians  

  14. Flora

  15. See also

  16. References

      Bibliography  
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Hell Creek Formation
| image = Hell Creek.jpg
| caption = Exposure in the badlands in the vicinity of Fort Peck Reservoir
| type = Geological formation
| age = Maastrichtian–Danian (Lancian)
~{{fossil range|66.8|66}}
| period = Maastrichtian
| prilithology = Claystone, mudstone
| otherlithology = Sandstone, siltstone, conglomerate, amber
| namedfor = Hell Creek, Jordan, Montana
| namedby =
| region = Montana, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Wyoming
| country = {{USA}}
| coordinates = {{coord|46.9|N|101.5|W|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|52.6|N|74.4|W|display=inline}}
| unitof = Montana Group
| subunits = Breien, Little Beaver Creek, Middle Sandstone & Pretty Butte Members
| underlies = Fort Union Formation
| overlies = Fox Hills Formation
| thickness =
| extent =
| area =
| map =
| map_caption =
}}

The Hell Creek Formation is an intensively-studied division of mostly Upper Cretaceous and some lower Paleocene rocks in North America, named for exposures studied along Hell Creek, near Jordan, Montana. The formation stretches over portions of Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming. In Montana, the Hell Creek Formation overlies the Fox Hills Formation. The site of Pompeys Pillar National Monument is a small isolated section of the Hell Creek Formation. In 1966, the Hell Creek Fossil Area was designated as a National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service.[1]

It is a series of fresh and brackish-water clays, mudstones, and sandstones deposited during the Maastrichtian and Danian (respectively, the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Paleogene) by fluvial activity in fluctuating river channels and deltas and very occasional peaty swamp deposits along the low-lying eastern continental margin fronting the late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. The climate was mild, and the presence of crocodilians suggests a sub-tropical climate, with no prolonged annual cold. The famous iridium-enriched Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, which separates the Cretaceous from the Cenozoic, occurs as a discontinuous but distinct thin marker bedding above and occasionally within the formation, near its boundary with the overlying Fort Union Formation.

The world's largest collection of Hell Creek fossils is housed and exhibited at the Museum of the Rockies, in Bozeman, Montana. The specimens displayed are the result of the museum's Hell Creek Project, a joint effort between the museum, Montana State University, the University of Washington,[2] the University of California, Berkeley, the University of North Dakota, and the University of North Carolina which began in 1998.

Geology

The Hell Creek Formation in Montana overlies the Fox Hills Formation and underlies the Fort Union Formation, and the boundary with the latter occurs near the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary (K-Pg), which defines the end of the Cretaceous period and has been dated to 66 ± 0.07 Ma old.[3] The 90 metres of deposit was created in about 2 million years.[4] Fauna characteristic of the Hell Creek (Lancian land vertebrate age) are found as high as a few meters below the boundary.[5]

The K-Pg boundary is generally situated near the contact between the upper Hell Creek and the lower Ludlow member of the Fort Union Formation, though in some areas (e.g. in North Dakota) the boundary is well within the Ludlow Member, {{convert|3|m|ft}} above the boundary with the Hell Creek in some areas.[5] On the other hand, in some small regions of Montana, the Hell Creek Formation contains the K-Pg boundary, and extends slightly into the Paleogene.[6]

The Tanis site contains evidence of what is proposed to be a record of the effects of the Chicxulub meteorite impact - such as the chaotic mixing of fossil carcasses and a layer of glass tektites with associated impact impressions - deposited minutes to hours after the impact.[7][8][9]

Paleobiology

Many animals including dinosaurs lived in the Hell Creek Formation. The Hell Creek Formation has world-famous dinosaur fossil sites. Fossils are found of sea creatures from the recession and adjacent inland sea at that time. Vertebrates include dinosaurs, pterosaurs, crocodiles, champsosaurs, lizards, snakes, turtles, frogs and salamanders. Remains of fishes and mammals have also been found in the Hell Creek Formation. The formation has produced impressive assemblages of invertebrates (including Ammonites), plants, mammals, fish, reptiles (including the lizard Obamadon), marine reptiles (including the marine reptiles like mosasaurs, plesiosaurs and sea turtles), and amphibians. Notable dinosaur finds include Tyrannosaurus and Triceratops, ornithomimids as well, caenagnathids like Anzu, a variety of small theropods, pachycephalosaurs, ankylosaurs, crocodylomorphs and squamates, including various animal fossils unearthed in the Hell Creek Formation. The most complete hadrosaurid dinosaur ever found, an Edmontosaurus, was retrieved in 2000 from the Hell Creek Formation and widely publicized in a National Geographic documentary aired in December 2007. A few bird, mammal, and pterosaur fossils have also been found. The teeth of sharks and rays are sometimes found in the riverine Hell Creek Formation, suggesting that some of these taxa were then, as now, tolerant of fresh water. The "Lancian" fauna is more similar overall phylogenetically to East Asian and Canadian/Alaskan faunas than most Campanian North American faunas.

Depositional environment

It is a series of fresh and brackish-water clays, mudstones, and sandstones deposited during the Maastrichtian and Danian (respectively, the end of the Cretaceous period and the beginning of the Paleogene) by fluvial activity in fluctuating channels and deltas and very occasional peaty swamp deposits along the low-lying eastern continental margin fronting the late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. The Hell Creek Formation, as typified by exposures in the Fort Peck area of Montana, has been interpreted as a flat, forested floodplain with a relatively subtropical climate that supported a variety of plants ranging from angiosperm trees to conifers such as the bald cypress, ferns and ginkgos. The Hell Creek Formation was laid down by streams, on a coastal plain along the edge of the Western Interior Seaway. The presence of crocodilia suggests climate was subtropical; there was no cold season and probably ample precipitation.

The Hell Creek Formation, Lance Formation and Scollard Formation represent different sections of the western shore of the shallow sea that divided western and eastern North America during the Cretaceous. Swampy lowlands were the habitat of various animals, including dinosaurs. A broad coastal plain extended westward from the seaway to the newly formed Rocky Mountains. These formations are composed largely of sandstone and mudstone which have been attributed to floodplain, fluvial, lacustrine, swamp, estuarine and coastal plain environments.[10][11][12] Hell Creek is the best studied of these ancient environments. At the time, this region was subtropical, warm and moist climate. The climate was humid, with flowering plants, conifers, palmettos, and ferns in the swamps, and conifers, canopy, understory plants, Ash trees, live oak and shrubs in the forests. In northwestern South Dakota, strips of black layers deposited in the wetland environment are rich in coal, and a bright band-like layer of sand and mud from the river floodplain accumulated. Many plant species were supported, primarily angiosperms, and less commonly conifers, bald cypress, ferns and cycads. An abundance of fossil leaves are found at dozens of different sites indicating that the area was largely forested by small trees.

Invertebrates

P. gibbosoidesP. whitfieldiRhabdotophorusR. aldrichiPleurobemaP. cryptorhynchusP. biesopoidesQuadrulaQ. cylindricoidesP. holmesianaP. barnumiP. percorrugataP. pyramidatoidesP. letsoniP. retusoidesP. corbiculoidesP. paucinodosaObovaria?O?. pyramidellaC. sp

From a marine facies ("tongue") in South Dakota. Modern members of this genus live in fresh water

SphaeriumS. beckmani

"Pill clam". "Nut clam". "Fingernail clam". "Pea clam". Family Sphaeriidae.

Pleiodon

Indeterminate

CampelomaC. sp

Freshwater snail.

AnomiaA. gryphorhyncha

Bivalve. Family Anomiidae. From a marine facies ("tongue") in South Dakota.

CrassostreaC. subtrigonalis

Oyster. Family Ostreidae. Collected from a marine facies ("tongue") in South Dakota.

GranocardiumG. sp

Bivalve. Family Cardiidae (cockle). Collected from a marine facies ("tongue") in South Dakota.

Hiatella?H. sp

Bivalve. Present members of this genus are rock borers. Collected from a marine facies ("tongue") in South Dakota.

Leptosolen

indeterminate

Bivalve. Family Cultellidae. Collected from a marine facies ("tongue") in South Dakota.

SphenodiscusS. lenticularis

Ammonite. From a marine facies ("tongue") in South Dakota.

DiscoscaphitesD. rossi

Microconch of an ammonite. From a marine facies ("tongue") in South Dakota.

Scaphitidae

indeterminate

Ammonite. From a marine facies ("tongue") in South Dakota. Other attributes: specimen has hooks on its shell.

CephaloleichnitesC. strongi

hispine beetle. ("leaf beetle")

Invertebrates reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
PlesielliptioP. postbiplicatus

Fresh water Pelecypod.

PlethobasusP. aesopiformis
ProparreysiaP. verrucosiformis
CorbiculaC. cf. subelliptica

Amphibians

{{Paleobiota-key-compact}}

Anura (frog)[13]

indeterminate[13]

  • North Dakota[14]
  • South Dakota[14]

Middle to upper Hell Creek Formation[15]

3 unassigned specimens[16]

Anura indet. consists of material not currently assigned to any genus of frog.[13]

Barbourula[17]

Indeterminate[18]

  • Montana[19]

Caudata (salamander)[13]

indeterminate[13]

  • North Dakota[14]
  • South Dakota[14]

Lower to uppermost Hell Creek Formation[15]

149 unassigned specimens[16]

Material of Caudata indet. is not currently assigned to any genus.[13]

Eopelobates[20]

Indeterminate[18]

  • Montana[19]
Habrosaurus[13][18]H. dilatus[13][18]
  • Montana[19]
  • North Dakota[14]
  • South Dakota[14]

Middle to upper Hell Creek Formation[15]

6 specimens[16]

Habrosaurus is a sirenid amphibian.[13]Lisserpeton[18]L. bairdi[18]
  • Montana[19]
Opisthotriton[13][18]O. kayi[13][18]
  • Montana[19]
  • North Dakota[14]
  • South Dakota[14]

Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation[15]

22 specimens[16]

Opisthotriton is classified as a Batrachosauroididae.[13]Paranecturus[21]P. garbanii[21]
  • Montana[21]

A member of Proteidae.[21]

Proamphiuma[18]P. cretacica[18]
  • Montana[19]
Prodesmodon[18]P. copei[18]
  • Montana[19]
Scapherpeton[13][18]S. tectum[13][18]
  • Montana[19]
  • North Dakota[14]
  • South Dakota[14]

Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation[15]

144 specimens[16]

Scapherpeton is a scapherpetonid that is very common in the Hell Creek Formation.[13]Scotiophryne[18]S. pustulosa[18]
  • Montana[19]

A small frog

Amphibians reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Fish

Bony fish

cf. A. sp.[13]

  • North Dakota[14]
  • South Dakota[14]

Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation[15]

18 specimens are tentatively assigned to Acipenser sp.[16]

Acipenser sp. is tentatively referred to the genus.[13]Amia[22]A. fragosa[22]
  • Montana[23]

small amiid fish (ubiquitous). Closely related to the modern Bowfin

Belonostomus[13][22]B. longirostris[13][22]
  • Montana[23]
  • North Dakota[14]
  • South Dakota[14]

Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation[15]

28 specimens[16]

A long-snouted slender fish classified as an aspidorhynchid.[13]

Coriops[24]C. amnicolus[24]
  • Montana[105]
Kindleia[13]K. fragosa[13]
  • North Dakota[14]
  • South Dakota[14]

Lower to uppermost Hell Creek Formation[15]

2610 specimens have been assigned to Kindleia, making it an extremely common genus.[16]

Kindleia is a genus assigned to Amiidae, along with Melvius and Amia.[13]Lepisosteus[13][22]L. occidentalis[13][22]
  • Montana[23]
  • North Dakota[14]
  • South Dakota[14]

Lower to uppermost Hell Creek Formation[15]

938 specimens are assigned to Lepidosteus[16]

A lepidosteid that is very common in the Hell Creek Formation.[13]

Melvius[13]M. thomasi[13]
  • North Dakota[14]
  • South Dakota[14]

Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation[15]

6 specimens are assigned to Melvius[16]

A large amiid fish.[13]

PhyllodusP. paulkatoi

fish with columnar teeth

Palaeolabrus[22]P. montanensis[22]
  • Montana[23]
Paleopsephurus[22]P. wilsoni[22]
  • Montana[23]

A paddlefish

PalaeolabrusP. montanensis

fish (incertae sedis)

Paralbula[25]P. casei[25]
  • Montana[26]
Platacodon[24]P. nanus[24]
  • Montana[26]

small teleost fish

Protamia[22]

Indeterminate[22]

  • Montana[23]
Pachyrhizodontoidei

Indeterminate

Fish

Protoscaphirhynchus[22]P. squamosus[22]
  • Montana[23]

a sturgeon

Bony fishes reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Acipenser[13][22]A. eruciferus[22]
  • Montana[23]

A sturgeon

Cartilaginous fish

Chiloscyllium[148]C. sp.[148]
  • Montana[148]

A member of Hemiscylliidae.[148]

Galagadon[27]G. nordquistae
  • South Dakota

Isolated teeth

A carpet shark

Lonchidion[28]L. selachos[28]
  • Montana[29]
  • North Dakota[14]
  • South Dakota[14]

Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation[15]

40 specimens[16]

A genus of prehistoric sharks in the family Hybodontidae. It makes up 0.4% of the remains of the vertebrates of the Hell Creek Formation.[13]

Myledaphus[148]M. pustulosus[30]
  • Montana[30]
  • North Dakota[14]
  • South Dakota[14]

Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation.[15]

1677 specimens[16] previously assigned to M. bipartitus.[30]

Is an anacoracid batoid[13] rajiform related to guitarfishes.[30] Described on the basis of teeth formerly assigned to the species M. bipartitus.[30] The material assigned to Myledaphus bipartitus and makes up 16.5% of the vertebrate remains.[13]

Protoginglymostoma[30]P. estesi[30]
  • Montana[30]

A member of Ginglymostomatidae.[30] Formerly assigned to the genus Brachaelurus.

Restesia[30]R. americana[30]
  • Montana[30]
  • North Dakota[14]
  • South Dakota[14]

Middle Hell Creek Formation[15]

5 specimens previously assigned to Squatirhina[16]

A wobbegong-like shark.[30] Formerly assigned to Squatirhina. The remains consist of 0.05% of the vertebrates.[16] Also known from the Lance Formation.[30]

Carcharhinidae indet.[27]

Indeterminate

  • South Dakota

An isolated tooth.

Chondrichthyes reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Dinosaurs

A paleo-population study is one of the most difficult of analyses to conduct in field paleontology. Here is the most recent estimate of the proportions of the eight most common dinosaurian families in the Hell Creek Formation, based on detailed field studies by White, Fastovsky and Sheehan (1998). {{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}

  • Ceratopsidae 61%
  • Hadrosauridae 23%
  • Ornithomimidae 5%
  • Tyrannosauridae 4%
  • Hypsilophodontidae 3%
  • Dromaeosauridae 2%
  • Pachycephalosauridae 1%
  • Troodontidae 1% (represented only by teeth)

Outcrops sampled by the Hell Creek Project were divided into three sections: lower, middle and upper slices. The top and bottom sections were the focus of the PLoS One report, and within each portion many remains of Triceratops, Edmontosaurus, and Tyrannosaurus were found. Triceratops was the most common in each section, but, surprisingly, Tyrannosaurus was just as common, if not slightly more common, than the hadrosaur Edmontosaurus. In the upper Hell Creek section, for example, the census included twenty two Triceratops, five Tyrannosaurus, and five Edmontosaurus.

The dinosaurs Thescelosaurus, Ornithomimus, Pachycephalosaurus and Ankylosaurus were also included in the breakdown, but were relatively rare. Other dinosaurs, such as Sphaerotholus, Denversaurus, Torosaurus, Struthiomimus, Acheroraptor, Dakotaraptor, Pectinodon, Richardoestesia, Paronychodon, Anzu, Leptorhynchos and Troodon, were reported as being rare and are not included in the breakdown.

The dinosaur collections made over the past decade during the Hell Creek Project yielded new information from an improved genus-level collecting schema and robust data set that revealed relative dinosaur abundances that were unexpected, and ontogenetic age classes previously considered rare. We recognize a much higher percentage of Tyrannosaurus than previous surveys. Tyrannosaurus equals Edmontosaurus in U3 and in L3 comprises a greater percentage of the large dinosaur fauna as the second-most abundant taxon after Triceratops, followed by Edmontosaurus. This is surprisingly consistent in (1) the two major lag deposits (MOR loc. HC-530 and HC-312) in the Apex sandstone and Jen-rex sand where individual bones were counted and (2) in two thirds of the formation reflected in L3 and U3 records of dinosaur skeletons only.

Triceratops is by far the most common dinosaur at 40% (n = 72), Tyrannosaurus is second at 24% (n = 44), Edmontosaurus is third at 20% (n = 36), followed by Thescelosaurus at 8% (n = 15), Ornithomimus at 5% (n = 9), and Pachycephalosaurus and Ankylosaurus both at 1% (n = 2) are relatively rare.

Fossil footprints of dinosaurs from the Hell Creek Formation are very rare. As of 2017, there is only one find of a possible Tyrannosaurus rex footprint, dating from 2007 and described a year later.[31]

Ornithischians

Ankylosaurs

Ankylosaurus[189]A. magniventris[189]
  • Montana[189]

An ankylosaur. Also found in the Lance and Scollard Formations.

Denversaurus[189]D. schlessmani[189]
  • Montana[189]
  • South Dakota[195]

A nodosaurid ankylosaur.

Ankylosauria reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Pachycephalosaurs

An undescribed Pachycephalosaur is present in North Dakota.[196]

Dracorex[32]D. hogwartsia[32]
  • South Dakota[32]
  • Middle[32]

A pachycephalosaur, probably synonymous with Pachycephalosaurus.

Pachycephalosaurus[189]P. wyomingensis[189]
  • Montana[189]
  • South Dakota[195]

A pachycephalosaur. Also found in the Lance Formation.

Pachycephalosaurs reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Sphaerotholus[189]S. buchholtzae[189]
  • Montana[189]

"Skull material."[33]

A pachycephalosaur, possibly synonymous with Prenocephale.

Stygimoloch[189]S. spinifer[189]
  • Montana[189]
  • South Dakota
  • North Dakota

A pachycephalosaur, probably synonymous with Pachycephalosaurus. Also found in the Lance Formation.

Ceratopsians

Indeterminate ceratopsid specimens are extremely common. 8.31% of all vertebrate remains from the Hell Creek Formation are unassigned ceratopsids.[16] In 2012, a new unidentified species of chasmosaur ceratopsian with noticeable differences from Triceratops was unearthed in South Dakota by a fossil hunter named John Carter.[34][35][36]

{{Paleobiota-key-compact}}Leptoceratops[189]Leptoceratops c.f. gracilis[189]
  • Montana[189]

A small primitive-looking ceratopsian.

TatankaceratopsT. sacrisonorum
  • South Dakota

A ceratopsian possibly synonymous with Triceratops[37]

Torosaurus[13][189]T. latus[13][189]
  • Montana[189]
  • North Dakota[14][196]
  • South Dakota[14][195]

Upper Hell Creek Formation[15]

A ceratopsian possibly synonymous with Triceratops.[38] A rare ceratopsid.[15]

T. prorsus[189]
  • Montana[189]
  • South Dakota
Ceratopsians reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species Synonyms State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Triceratops[13][189]T. horridus[13][189]
  • T. serratus[189]
  • Ugrosaurus olsoni[39]
  • Montana[189]
  • North Dakota[14][196]
  • Wyoming
  • South Dakota[14][195]

Lowermost to the middle Hell Creek Formation[40]

4 specimens are assigned to Triceratops horridus from the Hell Creek Formation[16]

A ceratopsian.[13] Also found in the Evanston, Frenchman, Lance, Laramie, and Scollard Formations.

Upper 1/3 of the Hell Creek Formation[40]

Very common.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}

Also found in the Frenchman and Lance Formations.

Ornithopods and Parksosaurs

Indeterminate hadrosaurid remains are very common in the Hell Creek Formation.[13]

EdmontosaurusE. annectens
  • Anatosaurus annectens[41]
  • Anatotitan copei[41]
  • Montana[189]
  • South Dakota[195]
  • North Dakota(Mummy Fossil)

Very common.

A hadrosaur. Also found in the Denver, Frenchman, Lance, Laramie, and Scollard Formations.

T. neglectus[13][195]
  • North Dakota[14]
  • South Dakota[14][195]

Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation[15]

50 specimens[16]

A small thescelosaurine. Also found in the Frenchman, Lance, Laramie, and Scollard Formations.[44]

Ornithopods and Theseclosaurs reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species Synonyms State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Thescelosaurus[195]T. garbanii[255]
  • Bugenasaura garbanii
  • Montana[42]
  • South Dakota[43]

Theropods

Theropod tracks have been found in South Dakota.[195] An unnamed alvarezsaurid, closely related to the Asian genus Mononykus, is known from Montana.[45] A second footprint that may have been made by a specimen of Tyrannosaurus was first reported in 2007 by British paleontologist Phil Manning, from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana. This second track measures {{Convert|72|cm|sp=us}} long, shorter than the track described by Lockley and Hunt. Whether or not the track was made by Tyrannosaurus is unclear, though Tyrannosaurus is the only large theropod known to have existed in the Hell Creek Formation.[46][47]

Tyrannosaurids

Tyrannosaurus[13][189]T. rex[13][189]
  • Albertosaurus megagracilis[189]
  • Aublysodon molnari[189]
  • Dinotyrannus megagracilis[189]
  • Nanotyrannus lancensis?
  • Montana[48]
  • North Dakota[14][49]
  • South Dakota[14][50]

Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation.

A tyrannosaur, known from several specimens including a juvenile nicknamed "Jane". Also found in the Denver, Frenchman, Hill Creek South, Javelina, Lance, Ferris, Livingston, McRae, North Horn, Scollard, Willow Creek Formation, and also found in Lomas Coloradas Formations.

Tyrannosaurids reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species Synonyms State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Ornithomimosaurs

Ornithomimid remains are not uncommon in the Hell Creek Formation.[13] Fifteen specimens from the Hell Creek Formation are undetermined ornithomimids[16]

{{Paleobiota-key-compact}}

"Orcomimus"

unnamed

  • South Dakota[51]

One partial skeleton.

An ornithomimid. Numem nudum

Struthiomimus[50]S. sedens[286]
  • Montana
  • AMNH 975, a foot claw
  • UCMP 154569, a partial skeleton

A large ornithomimid similar to Gallimimus in size. Also found in the Lance Formation.[52]

OrnithomimusO. velox[52]
  • Montana
  • South Dakota
  • North Dakota

Fragmentary specimens

A ornithomimid which was also found in the Denver Formation.

Ornithomimids reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Oviraptorosaurs

Oviraptorosaur fossils have been found at the Hell Creek Formation for many years, most notably from isolated elements until the discovery of Anzu. In 1997, paleontologists discovered a fossil trackway of gigantic oviraptorid belonging to a creature dubbed Wakinyatanka styxi.[53]

{{Paleobiota-key-compact}}Anzu[48][54]A. wyliei[54]
  • North Dakota[14][54]
  • South Dakota[14][54]

Lower to upper Hell Creek Formation[16]

12 well-preserved specimens[15]

One of the largest known oviraptorosaurs, and the largest known from North America. Material previously assigned to Caenagnathidae indet. is now placed in the genus Anzu.[54]

LeptorhynchosL. elegans
  • Montana

An extinct genus of caenagnathid.

Oviraptorosaurs reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Eumaniraptorans

Historically, numerous teeth have been attributed to various dromaeosaurid and troodontid taxa with known body fossils from only older formations, including Dromaeosaurus, Saurornitholestes, and Troodon. However, in a 2013 study, Evans et al. concluded that there is little evidence for more than a single dromaeosaurid taxon, Acheroraptor, in the Hell Creek-Lance assemblages, which would render these taxa invalid for this formation. This was disproved in a 2015 study, DePalma et al., when they described the new genus Dakotaraptor, a large species of dromaeosaur.[300] Though it should be noted as mentioned earlier that fossilized teeth of various troodontids and coelurosaurs are common throughout the Hell Creek Formation; the best known examples include Paronychodon, Pectinodon and Richardoestesia, respectively.

Acheroraptor[55]A. temertyorum [55]
  • Montana[55]
  • North Dakota?[13]
  • South Dakota?[13]

Lower? to upper Hell Creek Formation[13]

  • ROM 63777, a maxilla and tooth[55]
  • ROM 63778, a partial dentary[55]
  • isolated teeth[55]

A velociraptorine dromaeosaurid. Teeth previously referred to various Campanian dromaeosaurids Saurornitholestes and Dromaeosaurus, frequently found throughout the formation, probably belong to this one species. Evans et al. conclude that there is little evidence for the former two taxa being present in the Hell Creek-Lance assemblages.[55]

cf. A. archibaldi[317]

  • Montana[317]

Uppermost Hell Creek Formation[317]

  • YPM 57235, a coracoid

An avisaurid tentatively referred to A. archibaldi based on its size.[317]

A. sp.[56]
  • Montana[56]
  • distal tarsals, metatarsus (juvenile)[56]
Brodavis[57]B. baileyi[57]
  • South Dakota[57]
  • UNSM 50665, a left tarsometatarsus missing proximal end, trochleae II and III.[57]

A primitive hesperornithiform.[57]

Dakotaraptor[58]D. steini [58]
  • South Dakota[58]

Upper Hell Creek Formation[58]

  • PBMNH.P.10.113.T, a partial skeleton.[58]
  • PBMNH.P.10.115.T, a tibia.[58]
  • PBMNH.P.10.118.T, an astragalocalcaneum.[58]
  • isolated teeth.[58]

A dromaeosaurid. Second-largest dromaeosaurid known.[55]

Potamornis[57]P. skutchi [59]
  • Montana[59]
  • UCMP 117605, a tarsometatarsus

A hesperornithiform also found in the Lance Formation.[59]

"Unnamed enantiornithine B"[317]

Unnamed

  • Montana[317]
  • YPM 57823, a partial coracoid[317]

An unnamed enantiornithean.[317]

"Unnamed hesperornithiform A"[317]

Unnamed

  • Montana
  • UCMP 13355, a tarsometatarsus

A primitive hesperornithiform.[57] The Hell Creek specimen was referred to the same unnamed taxon as RSM P 2315.1 from the Canadian Frenchman Formation.[317] RSM P 2315.1 was later made the holotype of Brodavis americanus.[57] May be a synonym of Potamornis.[317]

"Unnamed ornithurine B"[60]

Unnamed[352]

  • Montana[61]
  • UCMP 129143, a partial coracoid[60]

An ornithurine possibly similar to Cimolopteryx[60][62]

"Unnamed ornithurine C"[60]

Unnamed

  • Montana[60]
  • South Dakota[60]
  • SDSM 64281A, a partial coracoid[60]
  • SDSM 64281B, a partial coracoid[60]
  • UCMP 175251, a partial coracoid[60]
  • MOR 2918, a partial coracoid[60]

An ornithurine, also present in the Lance Formation and Fort Union Formation, one of the few individual bird species known to have survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction[60]

"Unnamed ornithurine D"[60]

Unnamed

  • Montana[60]
  • UCMP 187207, a partial coracoid[60]

An ichthyornithean also present in the Frenchman Formation[60]

Eumaniraptorans reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Avisaurus[13]A. archibaldi[13][48]
  • Montana[13]

Middle Hell Creek Formation[15]

  • UCMP 117600, holotype, a tarsometatarsus
  • PU 17324, a tarsometatarsus

An avisaurid.[13]

Pterosaurs

Azhdarchidae spp.

Indeterminate

  • Montana[369]
  • North Dakota

Records of pterosaur remains from the Hell Creek Formation are two indeterminate specimens, which have been recorded from North Dakota but not described (Johnson et al., 2000; Pearson et al., 2002). A single azhdarchid neck bone may belong to the genus Quetzalcoatlus, though they are not diagnostic to the generic level.[63]

Pterosaurs of the Hell Creek Formation
Taxa Species State Stratigraphic location Material Notes Images

Crocodylomorphs

{{Paleobiota-key-compact}}Borealosuchus[64]
  • B. sternbergii[64]
  • Montana
  • North Dakota
  • South Dakota

Extinct genus of crocodylians that lived from the Late Cretaceous to the Eocene in North America.

Brachychampsa[64]
  • B. montana[64]
  • Montana
  • South Dakota
  • North Dakota

Extinct genus of alligatoroid.

Thoracosaurus[64]
  • T. neocesariensis[64]
  • Montana

Extinct genus of gavialoid crocodilian which existed during the Late Cretaceous and early Paleocene.

Crocodylomorphs reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Turtles

{{Paleobiota-key-compact}}Adocus[65]

Indeterminate[65]

  • Montana[66]

Extinct genus of aquatic turtles belonging to the family Adocidae.

Axestemys[67]A. splendida
  • North Dakota
  • South Dakota

Trionychidae turtle.

Compsemys[65]C. victa[65]
  • Montana[66]

A relative of Dermatemydidae.

PeckemysP. brinkman
  • Montana
  • North Dakota

A relative of Baenidae.

EmarginachelysE. cretacea
  • Montana

A relative of chelydrids.[384]

Eubaena[65]E. cephalica[65]
  • Montana[66]
Baenid turtleGamerabaenaG. sonsalla
  • North Dakota

Extinct genus of baenid turtle.

PalatobaenaP. cohen
  • North Dakota

A relative of extinct family of cryptodiran turtles.

CedrobaenaC. putorius
  • South Dakota
  • North Dakota

A relative of Baenidae.

GilmoremysG. lancensis
  • Montana
  • North Dakota

Trionychidae related to the softshell turtle.

Hoplochelys[68]H. clark[68]
  • North Dakota[68]

A kinosternoid related to the Central American river turtle.[68]

PlastomenusP. sp

Trionychidae turtle.

BasilemysB. sinuosa

Largest dermatemydid land tortoise.

Trionyx[65]

Indeterminate[65]

  • Montana[66]

A genus of softshell turtles belonging to the family Trionychidae.

AspideretoidesA. foveatus

Trionychidae turtle.

HelopanopliaH. distincta

Trionychidae turtle.

JudithemysJ. backmani

Thin-shelled macrobaenid turtle.

PlesiobaenaP. antiqua

Baenid turtle.

StygiochelysS. estesi

Baenid turtle.

NeurankylusN. eximius

Largest baenid turtle in Hell Creek Formation.

ThescelusT. insiliens

Baenid turtle.

Chelydridae

Indeterminate

Chelydrids-like turtle.

Turtles reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Lizards and snakes

{{Paleobiota-key-compact}}Cemeterius[69][70]C. monstrosus[69][70]
  • Montana[69]

A platynotan lizard of uncertain phylogenetic placement, also known from the Lance Formation.[69]

Cerberophis[69][70]C. robustus[69][70]
  • Montana[69]

An alethinophidian snake of uncertain phylogenetic placement.[69]

Obamadon[69][70]O. gracilis[69][70]
  • Montana[69]

A polyglyphanodontian lizard of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Also known from the Lance Formation.[69]

Peneteius[69]P. aquilonius[69]
  • Montana[69]

A chamopsiid polyglyphanodontian lizard.[69]

HaptosphenusH. placodon

Teiidae lizard.

LeptochamopsL. denticulatus

Small Teiidae lizard.

ChamopsC. segnis

Largest Teiidae lizard in Hell Creek Formation

ContogenysC. sloani

Scincidae? lizard.

ExostinusE. lancensis

xenosaurid lizard.

ProxestopsP. jepseni

Anguidae lizard.

ParasaniwaP. wyomingensis

Necrosaurid lizard.

ParadermaP. bogerti

Helodermatidae? lizard.

PalaeosaniwaP. canadensis

A large Monstersauria lizard, closely related to today's varanid lizards. It was the largest lizard in the Hell Creek formation.

Boidae

Indeterminate

Snake. Earliest-known boid.

Squamates reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Choristoderans

{{Paleobiota-key-compact}}Champsosaurus[64]C. sp.[64]
  • Montana

A champsosaur.


Choristoderans reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Mammals

Multituberculates

{{Paleobiota-key-compact}}Cimexomys[71]C. minor[71]
  • Montana[71]

A multituberculate of uncertain phylogenetic placement.

C. cf. nitidus[71]
  • South Dakota[71]

A cimolodontid multituberculate.

C. sp.[71]
  • North Dakota[71]

A cimolodontid multituberculate.

  • C. cf. gracilis[71]
  • South Dakota[71]

A cimolomyid multituberculate.

Essonodon[71]E. browni[71]
  • Montana[71]

A cimolomyid multituberculate.

M. robustus
  • Montana
  • North Dakota
  • South Dakota[71]

A cimolomyid multituberculate.

M. cf. robustus
  • South Dakota[71]

A cimolomyid multituberculate.

M. sp.

  • North Dakota[71]

A cimolomyid multituberculate.

?M. sp.[71]

  • North Dakota[71]

A cimolomyid multituberculate.

M. cf. formosa
  • Montana[71]

A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate.

M. hensleighi
  • Montana
  • South Dakota[71]

A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate.

M. cf. hensleighi
  • South Dakota[71]

A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate.

M. thompsoni
  • Montana
  • North Dakota
  • South Dakota[71]

A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate.

M. cf. thompsoni
  • Montana[71]

A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate.

M sp.[71]
  • Montana[71]

A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate.

?M sp.[71]

  • Montana[71]

A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate.

?Neoplagiaulax[71]

?N. burgessi[71]

  • Montana[71]

A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate.

Paracimexomys[71]P. priscus[71]
  • Montana[71]

A multituberculate of uncertain phylogenetic placement.

Paressonodon[459]P. nelsoni[459]

A cimolomyid multituberculate.

StygimysS. kuszmauli
  • Montana

It was a member of the extinct order Multituberculata.

Multituberculates reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Cimolodon[71]C. nitidus
  • Montana
  • North Dakota[71]

A cimolodontid multituberculate.

Cimolomys[71]C. gracilis
  • Montana[71]

A cimolodontid multituberculate.

Meniscoessus[71]M. conquistus
  • South Dakota[71]

A cimolomyid multituberculate.

Mesodma[71]M. formosa
  • Montana
  • South Dakota[71]

A neoplagiaulacid multituberculate.

Metatherians

{{Paleobiota-key-compact}}A. hatcheri[461]
  • Montana
  • South Dakota[71]

A pediomyid.

A. cf. marshi
  • Montana
  • South Dakota[71]

An alphadontid.

A. wilsoni
  • Montana[71]

An alphadontid.

A. cf. wilsoni
  • Montana[71]

An alphadontid.

A. sp.[71]
  • North Dakota
  • South Dakota[71]

An alphadontid.

D. vorax
  • Montana
  • North Dakota[71]

A stagodontid. genus of Stagodontidae marsupials from the Late Cretaceous of North America.


D. cf. vorax
  • South Dakota[71]

A stagodontid.

D. sp.

  • North Dakota[71]

A stagodontid.

cf. D. sp.[71]

  • North Dakota
  • South Dakota[71]

A stagodontid.

G. cf. twitchelli[71]
  • Montana[71]

A glasbiid.

L. krejcii[73]
  • Montana
  • South Dakota[71]

A pediomyid.

Nanocuris[459]N. improvida[459]

A deltatheridiid.

NortedelphysN. jasoni (= N. intermedius)[74][75]
  • Montana
  • South Dakota

A herpetotheriid.

Pediomys[71]P. elegans[71]
  • Montana
  • South Dakota[71]

A pediomyid.

P. lulli[71]
  • Montana[71]

An alphadontid.

Turgidodon[71]T. rhaister[71]
  • Montana[71]

An alphadontid.

Metatherians reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Aletridelphys[461][72]A. florencae
  • Montana
  • North Dakota
  • South Dakota[71]

A pediomyid.

Alphadon[71]A. marshi
  • Montana
  • North Dakota[71]

An alphadontid. genus of small, primitive mammal that was a member of the Metatheria, a group of mammals that includes modern-day marsupials.

Didelphodon[71]D. padanicus
  • South Dakota[71]

A stagodontid.

Glasbius[71]G. twitchelli
  • Montana[71]

A glasbiid.

Leptalestes[73]L. cooki
  • Montana[71]

A pediomyid.

Protalphadon[71]P. foxi
  • Montana[71]

An alphadontid.

Eutherians

{{Paleobiota-key-compact}}AltacreodusA. magnus
  • Montana
  • North Dakota

a possibe creodont, formally a species of Cimolestes[76]

Alostera[71]A. saskatchewanensis[71]
  • Montana[71]

A eutherian of uncertain phylogenetic placement.

Ambilestes

A. cerberoides

  • Montana

A eutherian of uncertain classification, formally a species of Cimolestes

Batodon[71]B. tenuis[71]
  • Montana[71]

A cimolestid eutherian.

C. stirtoni[71]
  • Montana[71]

A cimolestid eutherian.

G. illuminatus
  • Montana
  • North Dakota[71]

A gypsonictopsid eutherian.

G. cf. illuminatus
  • Montana[71]

A gypsonictopsid eutherian.

G. sp.[71]
  • Montana[71]

A gypsonictopsid eutherian.

cf. Paranyctoides[71]

cf. Paranyctoides sp.[71]

  • Montana[71]

A nyctitheriid eutherian.

Protungulatum[73]P. coombsi[73]
  • Montana[73]

A stem-placental.

PurgatoriusP. ceratops
  • Montana

A genus with four species believed to be either stem-placentals or stem-primates.

ScollardiusS. propalaeoryctes
  • Montana

A eutherian of uncertain classification, formally a species of Cimolestes

Eutherians reported from the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species State Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Cimolestes[71]C. incisus
  • Montana[71]

A cimolestid eutherian.

Gypsonictops[71]G. hypoconus
  • Montana
  • South Dakota[71]

A gypsonictopsid eutherian.

Flora

The Hell Creek Formation was a low floodplain at the time before the sea retreated, and in the wet ground of the dense woodland, laurels, sycamores, beech, magnolias, and palm trees grew. Ferns and moss grew in the forest understory. Plant fossils from the upper early Paleocene of the Hell Creek Formation include the ferns Botrychium, Woodwardia, Osmunda, Onoclea and Azolla; conifers Metasequoia, Glyptostrobus and cupressaceous conifers; the monocot Limnobiophyllum (a relative of duckweeds); and the dicots Cercidiphyllum and Platanus.[77][78] There are numerous types of leaves, seeds, flowers and other structures from Angiosperms, or flowering plants. The Hell Creek Formation of this layer contains 300 tablets or more of plants. Angiosperms are by far the most diverse and dominant flora of the entire population, about 90 percent. However, the evergreens included conifers, ginkgo, bald cypress, and cycads. Flowering plants included a variety of trees that no longer exist. Today Hell Creek's flora is hardwood forest mixed with deciduous and evergreen forest and apparently similar to then, but with a closer look, the current plant community is distinct. In sharp contrast to Montana today, the presence of palm trees meant the climate was warmer then.

Dr. Kirk Johnson (Scientist) claims that there are no grasses, oaks, maples, or willows in the Hell Creek Formation. Ferns are uncommon in the majority of the formation, however there is a great increase in the abundance of fossil fern spores in the two centimeters of rock that directly overlies the impact fallout layer (the famous K-T boundary layer). This increase in fern spore abundance is commonly referred to as "the fern spike" (meaning that if the abundance of spores as a function of stratigraphic position were plotted out, the graph would show a spike just above the impact fallout layer). Johnson also found that the majority of the angiosperm genera in the Hell Creek Formation are now extinct. He also believes that, very roughly, 80% of the terrestrial plant taxa died out in what is now Montana and the Dakotas at the K/T boundary.

Many of the modern plant affinities in the Hell Creek Formation (e.g., those with the prefix "aff." or with quotes around the genus name) may not in reality belong to these genera; instead they could be entirely different plants that resemble modern genera. Therefore, there is some question regarding whether the modern Populus or Juglans, as two examples, actually lived in the late Cretaceous.

Compared to the rich Hell Creek Formation fossil plant localities of the Dakotas, relatively few plant specimens have been collected from Montana. A few taxa were collected at Brownie Butte Montana by Shoemaker, but most plants were collected from North Dakota (Slope County) and from South Dakota. "TYPE" after the binomial means that it is represented by a type specimen found in the Yale-Peabody Museum collections. "YPM" is the prefix for the Yale-Peabody Museum specimen number.

Overview (from Johnson, 1997):

190 plant morphotypes, including:

  • 1 bryophyte (mosses and liverworts)
  • 6 "pteridophytes" (A paraphyletic group: modern examples are horsetails, club mosses and ferns.)
  • 9 conifers
  • 2 ginkgo (uncommon)
  • 172 angiosperms (90% of all specimens collected, as well as 90% of all taxa found)
{{clearboth}}
{{clearboth}}
//Plant">Plants of the Hell Creek Formation:
  • various ferns and cycads.
  • Equisetum (Equisetaceae)
Gymnosperms{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • Platyspiroxylon (Cupressaceae)
  • Podocarpoxylon (Podocarpaceae)
  • Elatocladus (Taxodiaceae)
  • Sequoiaxylon (Taxodiaceae)
  • Taxodioxylon (Taxodiaceae)
  • Araucaria (Araucariaceae)
  • very widespread Mesozoic conifer group. All members are extinct (Cheirolepidiaceae)
{{colend}}Ginkgos
  • Baeria
  • Ginkgo adiantoides
Angiosperms{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • Artocarpus (Moraceae)
  • Barberry family (Berberidaceae)
  • Cercidiphyllum (Cercidiphyllaceae)
  • Dombeyopsis (Sterculiaceae)
  • Laurel family (Lauraceae)
  • Magnolia (Magnoliaceae)
  • Palms (Arecaceae)
  • Platanus family includes today's American sycamore or plane tree (Platanaceae)
{{colend}}{{paleobiota-key-compact}}

"Aquilapollenites" collaris

"Aquilapollenites" conatus

"Aquilapollenites" delicatus

"Aquilapollenites" marmarthensis

"Aquilapollenites" quadricretaeus

"Aquilapollenites" quadrilobus

"Aquilapollenites" reductus

"Aquilapollenites" senonicus

"Aquilapollenites" turbidus

"Aquilapollenites" striatus

Alnipollenites

"Ficus" artocarpoides

"Ficus" trinervis

MarmarthiaMarmarthia pearsonii

"Myrica"

"Myrica" torreyi

PlatanitesPlatanites marginataSabalites

Sabalites sp.

MetasequoiaM. sp

Casts of Dawn Redwood seed cones are known from the Hell Creek.

"Grewiopsis"

"G" saportana

Another generic Hamamelididae.

Annona?

A?. robusta

Abundant at Brownie Butte, Montana.

CobbaniaC. corrugata

A prehistoric species of water lettuce, previously assigned to the genus Pistia.

AraucariaA. araucana

Casts of Monkey-puzzle leaves are found in Hell Creek.

ArtocarpusA. lessigiana

Abundant at Brownie Butte, Montana.

CelastrusC. taurenensis

Some may be Eucommiacaea.

CinnamomumC. lineafolia

Included in Ficus affinis by L. Hickey. Belongs in Rhamnaceae (modern buckthorns and Ceanothus). Some other specimens referred to Cinnamomum sezanensis(?) sp.), a real cinnamon bush.

CissuC. marginata

Also spelled "marginatus".

JuglansJ. leconteanaLiriodendritesL. bradacci

Johnson, 1996. In the Magnoliidae: a common taxon.

LiriodendronL. laramiense

May be related to today's tulip tree (yellow poplar).

LeepiesceiaL. presrtocarpoides

another laurel.

M. trivialis

Johnson, 1996. In the Lauraceae: a common taxon.

PlatanitesP. marginata

Johnson, 1996. In the Platanaceae: Hamamelididae. A common taxon.

QuercusQ. viburnifolia

Included within "Cissus" marginata. May be in the Platanaceae.

D. obtusa

Included within "Cissus" marginata. May be in the Platanaceae.

RhamnusR. cleburnii

A buckthorn look-alike.

VitisV. stantonii

This could be a real Vitus (a real grape).

ZiziphusZ. fibrillosusAndrovettiaA. catenulataAraliaephyllumA. polevoiBisoniaB. niemii

Incertae sedis. Johnson, 1996. A broad leaf, probably in the Laurales. A common taxon. Type specimen was found near a Tyrannosaurus skeleton in South Dakota.

CannabaceaeC. spC. lobataC. puilasokensisCupressinocladusC. interruptusDombeyopsisD. trivialisElatidesE. longifolia

In Platanales, according to Leo Hickey.

ErlingdorfiaE. montana

Johnson, 1996. In the Platanaceae: Hamamelididae (related to today's Sycamore). A common taxon.

GinkgoG. adiantoides

The only ginkgo in the Hell Creek Formation; uncommon

G. spLaurophyllumL. wardianaMagnoliaM. pulchra

This species was thought to occur only in southern Wyoming flora, but Leo Hickey claims it is found further north in Montana and the Dakotas.

MarchantiaM. pealiiNilssoniaN. yukonensis

The only Hell Creek Formation cycadeoid. Uncommon.

OnocleaO. hesperiaParanymphaeaP. hastataPlatanophyllumP. montanumPorosiaP. verrucosaRhamnusR. salicifolius

Another buckthorn look-alike. Abundant at Brownie Butte, Montana

SabalitesS. sp

Palm tree.

SapindopsisS. powellianaSequoitesS. artus

Sequoia tree.

TaxodiumT. olrikii

Related to today's bald cypress.

T. nebrascensisZingiberopsisZ. attenuata

Related to today's ginger plant. Its closest living relative is the Asian genus Alpinia. Some Hell Creek Formation specimens show damage from hispine beetles ("leaf beetles" (Wilf et al., 2000)).

D. tenneseensis

see above.

aff. "Dryophyllum" subfalcatum

see above.

PopulusP. nebrascensisCocculuscf. C. flabellaCissitescf. C. acerifoliaPistiacf. P. corrugata

Floating aquatic herb.

PalaeoasterP. inquirenda

A poppy with quite similar seed pods and seeds to that of the extant poppy genus Romneya.

Flora of the Hell Creek Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Abundance Notes Images
Aquilapollenites

"Aquilapollenites" attenuatus

"Ficus"

"Ficus" planicostata

IlexpollenitesIlexpollenites compactus
InterpollisInterpollis cf. I. supplingensis
BalmeisporitesBalmeisporites sp.
TricolpitesTricolpites interangulus
MarmarthiaM. pearsonii

Johnson, 1996. In the Lauraceae: a common taxon.

DombeyopsisD. trivialis

Included within "Cissus" marginata. May be in the Platanaceae.

CissitesC. insignis

May belong in Hamemelididae.

GlyptostrobusG. nordenskioldii
TrochodendroidesT. arctica
DryophyllumD. subfalcatum

One of the most common plant taxa in the Hell Creek and Lance Formations. Common at Brownie Butte, Montana. If it is close to real Dryophyllum, then it is a beech/chestnut-like tree (Fagaceae). It may also be a walnut-like tree (Juglandaceae).

See also

{{Portal|Earth sciences|Paleontology|Dinosaurs|Cretaceous|Paleogene|Prehistory of North America}}
  • List of fossil sites (with link directory)
  • Lists of dinosaur-bearing stratigraphic units
{{clearboth}}

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nnlandmarks/site.htm?Site=HECR-MT|title=National Natural Landmarks - National Natural Landmarks (U.S. National Park Service)|website=www.nps.gov|language=en|quote="Year designated: 1966"|access-date=2019-03-22}}
2. ^{{Cite web | url=http://faculty.washington.edu/gpwilson/wordpress/hell-creek-project/ | title=Hell Creek Project – Wilson Lab}}
3. ^{{cite journal |last1=Husson |first1=D. |last2=Galbrun |first2=B. |last3=Laskar |first3=J. |last4=Hinnov |first4=L. A. |last5=Thibault |first5=N. |last6=Gardin |first6=S. |last7=Locklair |first7=R. E. |year=2011 |title=Astronomical calibration of the Maastrichtian (late Cretaceous) |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=305 |issue=3 |pages=328–340 |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2011.03.008 |bibcode=2011E&PSL.305..328H}}
4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/552|title=Magnetostratigraphy of the Hell Creek and lowerFort Union formations in northeast Montana|last=LeCain|first=Rebecca|date=2010|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
5. ^1 Pearson, D. A., Schaefer, T., Johnson, K. R., Nichols, D. J., & Hunter, J. P. (2002). Vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in southwestern North Dakota and northwestern South Dakota. Hartman et al, 145-167.
6. ^Johnson, K. R., Nichols, D. J., & Hartman, J. H. (2002). Hell Creek Formation: A 2001 synthesis. The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary in the northern Great Plains: Geological Society of America Special Paper, 361, 503-510.
7. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=DePalma RA, Smit J, Burnham DA, Kuiper K, Manning PL, Oleinik A, Larson P, Maurrasse FJ, Vellekoop J, Richards MA, Gurche L, Walter Alvarez W |date=Apr 2019 |title=A seismically induced onshore surge deposit at the KPg boundary, North Dakota |url=https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817407116 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |doi=10.1073/pnas.1817407116 |access-date=2019-04-01}}
8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/29/science/dinosaurs-extinction-asteroid.html|title=Fossil Site Reveals Day That Meteor Hit Earth and, Maybe, Wiped Out Dinosaurs|last=Broad|first=William J.|date=2019-03-29|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-04-01|last2=Chang|first2=Kenneth|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
9. ^{{cite journal|journal=The New Yorker|title=The Day the Dinosaurs Died|author=Douglas Preston|date=28 March 2019|url=https://newyorker.com/magazine/2019/04/08/the-day-the-dinosaurs-died}}
10. ^Lofgren, D.F. (1997). "Hell Creek Formation". In: {{cite book|editors=Currie, P.J. & Padian, K. |year=1997|title=The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs|location=San Diego|publisher=Academic Press|pages=302–303|isbn=978-0-122-26810-6}}
11. ^Breithaupt, B.H. (1997). "Lance Formation". In: {{cite book|editors=Currie, P.J. & Padian, K. |year=1997|title=The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs|location=San Diego|publisher=Academic Press|pages=394–395|isbn=978-0-122-26810-6}}
12. ^Eberth, D.A. (1997). "Edmonton Group". In: {{cite book|editors=Currie, P.J. & Padian, K. |year=1997|title=The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs|location=San Diego|publisher=Academic Press|pages=199–204|isbn=978-0-122-26810-6}}
13. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 Pearson et al. (2002) p. 154
14. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Pearson et al. (2002) pp. 145–167
15. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Pearson et al. (2002) p. 155
16. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Pearson et al. (2002) pp. 156
17. ^Listed as "cf. Barbourula sp." in "Class Amphibia," Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4.
18. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Class Amphibia," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4.
19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Class Amphibia," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.
20. ^Listed as "Eopelobates? sp." in "Class Amphibia," Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4.
21. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |author=David G. Demar Jr. |year=2013 |title=A new fossil salamander (Caudata, Proteidae) from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Hell Creek Formation, Montana, U.S.A |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=588–598 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2013.734887 }}
22. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Class Osteichthyes," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 3.
23. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Class Osteichthyes," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 3. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.
24. ^1 2 3 "Class Osteichthyes," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4.
25. ^1 Listed as "cf. Paralbula casei" in "Class Osteichthyes," Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4.
26. ^1 2 "Class Osteichthyes," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 4. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.
27. ^1 {{cite journal |author1=Terry A. Gates |author2=Eric Gorscak |author3=Peter J. Makovicky |year=2019 |title=New sharks and other chondrichthyans from the latest Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) of North America |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume= |issue= |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1017/jpa.2018.92 }}
28. ^1 "Class Chondrichthyes," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 3.
29. ^"Class Chondrichthyes," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 3. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.
30. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 {{Cite book |author1=Todd D. Cook |author2=Michael G. Newbrey |author3=Donald B. Brinkman |author4=James I. Kirkland |year=2014 |title=Euselachians from the freshwater deposits of the Hell Creek Formation of Montana |journal=GSA Special Papers |volume=503 |pages=229–246 |doi=10.1130/2014.2503(08) |series=Geological Society of America Special Papers |isbn=978-0-8137-2503-1 }}
31. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Manning | first1 = P. L. | last2 = Ott | first2 = C. | last3 = Falkingham | first3 = P. L. | year = 2008 | title = The first tyrannosaurid track from the Hell Creek Formation (Late Cretaceous), Montana, U.S.A | url = | journal = PALAIOS | volume = 23 | issue = 10| pages = 645–647 | doi = 10.2110/palo.2008.p08-030r | bibcode = 2008Palai..23..645M }}
32. ^1 2 3 Bakker et al. (2006)
33. ^"Table 21.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 465.
34. ^{{cite web|last1=Biles|first1=Jan|title=Rare dinosaur skull being prepared for exhibition|url=http://cjonline.com/news-local/2015-09-07/rare-dinosaur-skull-being-prepared-exhibition|website=Topeka Capital-Journal.com|publisher=Topeka Capital-Journal|accessdate=7 September 2015}}
35. ^{{cite web|title=Super-sized Ceratopsian Skull Might be New Species|url=https://blog.everythingdinosaur.co.uk/blog/_archives/2015/08/29/super-sized-ceratopsian-skull-might-be-new-species.html|website=Everything Dinosaur|accessdate=29 August 2015}}
36. ^{{cite web|last1=O' Connell|first1=Max|title=Dinosaur skull found in Buffalo likely a new species|url=http://rapidcityjournal.com/news/local/dinosaur-skull-found-in-buffalo-likely-a-new-species/article_b33d3375-b74c-5941-aa0b-281ad59b430a.html|website=Rapid City Journal|accessdate=27 August 2015}}
37. ^{{Cite journal|author=Nicholas R. Longrich |year=2011 |title=Titanoceratops ouranous, a giant horned dinosaur from the Late Campanian of New Mexico |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WD3-51TPVM1-1&_user=10&_coverDate=12%2F29%2F2010&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_origin=browse&_zone=rslt_list_item&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%236755%239999%23999999999%2399999%23FLA%23display%23Articles)&_cdi=6755&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=21&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8f5e3845b1c44a1dc08c04b09952a44a&searchtype=a |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160816155254/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WD3-51TPVM1-1&_user=10&_coverDate=12/29/2010&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_origin=browse&_zone=rslt_list_item&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%236755%239999%23999999999%2399999%23FLA%23display%23Articles)&_cdi=6755&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=21&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=8f5e3845b1c44a1dc08c04b09952a44a&searchtype=a |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2016-08-16 |journal=Cretaceous Research |volume=32 |issue= 3|pages= 264–276|doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2010.12.007}}
38. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Scannella | first1 = J. | last2 = Horner | first2 = J.R. | year = 2010 | title = Torosaurus Marsh, 1891, is Triceratops Marsh, 1889 (Ceratopsidae: Chasmosaurinae): synonymy through ontogeny | url = | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 30 | issue = 4| pages = 1157–1168 | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2010.483632 }}
39. ^{{cite journal|last1=Forster|first1=Catherine A.|title=Taxomomic validity of the ceratopsid dinosaur Ugrosaurus olsoni (Cobabe and Fastovsky)|journal=Journal of Paleontology|volume=67|issue=2|year=2016|pages=316–318|issn=0022-3360|doi=10.1017/S0022336000032273}}
40. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Scannella|first=John B.|last2=Fowler|first2=Denver W.|last3=Goodwin|first3=Mark B.|last4=Horner|first4=John R.|date=2014-07-15|title=Evolutionary trends in Triceratops from the Hell Creek Formation, Montana|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=111|issue=28|pages=10245–10250|doi=10.1073/pnas.1313334111|issn=0027-8424|pmc=4104892|pmid=24982159}}
41. ^1 {{cite journal | last1 = Campione | first1 = N.E. | last2 = Evans | first2 = D.C. | year = 2011 | title = Cranial Growth and Variation in Edmontosaurs (Dinosauria: Hadrosauridae): Implications for Latest Cretaceous Megaherbivore Diversity in North America | journal = PLoS ONE | volume = 6 | issue = 9| page = e25186 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0025186 | pmid = 21969872 | pmc=3182183| bibcode = 2011PLoSO...625186C }}
42. ^1 Listed as "?Thescelosaurus garbanii" in "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; Montana)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 584.
43. ^Noted as being present, although misspelled as "Thescelosaurus garbani, in " "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; South Dakota)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 586.
44. ^Boyd, Brown, et al. (2009)
45. ^Hutchinson and Chiappe, 1998. The first known alvarezsaurid (Theropoda: Aves) from North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 18(3), 447–450.
46. ^{{cite journal |last1=Dalman |first1=S.G. |last2=Lucas |first2=S.G. |title=A new large Tyrannosaurid Alamotyrannus brinkmani, n. gen., n. sp. (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae), from the Upper Cretaceous Ojo Alamo Formation (Naashoibito Member), San Juan Basin, New Mexico |journal=New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin}}
47. ^{{cite journal |last1=Molnar |first1=R.E. |title=An Albertosaur from the Hell Creek Formation of Montana |journal=Journal of Paleontology |date=January 1980 |volume=54 |issue=1 |pages=102–108 |jstor=1304167}}
48. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; Montana)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 584.
49. ^1 2 3 "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; North Dakota)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 585.
50. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous; North America; South Dakota)." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 586.
51. ^Triebold, 1997. The Sandy Site: Small Dinosaurs from the Hell Creek Formation of South Dakota. in Wolberg, Stump and Rosenberg (eds). Dinofest International: Proceedings of a Symposium sponsored by Arizona
52. ^1 2 Longrich (2008), pages 983-996.
53. ^{{cite web|last1=Maltese|first1=Anthony|title=Giant Oviraptor Tracks from the Hell Creek|url=http://rmdrc.blogspot.com/2013/12/giant-oviraptor-tracks-from-hell-creek.html|website=RMDRC paleo lab|accessdate=17 December 2013|date=2013-12-17}}
54. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0092022| title = A New Large-Bodied Oviraptorosaurian Theropod Dinosaur from the Latest Cretaceous of Western North America| journal = PLoS ONE| volume = 9| issue = 3| pages = e92022| year = 2014| last1 = Lamanna | first1 = M. C. | last2 = Sues | first2 = H. D. | last3 = Schachner | first3 = E. R. | last4 = Lyson | first4 = T. R. | pmid=24647078 | pmc=3960162| bibcode = 2014PLoSO...992022L}}
55. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{Cite journal | last1 = Evans | first1 = D. C. | last2 = Larson | first2 = D. W. | last3 = Currie | first3 = P. J. | doi = 10.1007/s00114-013-1107-5 | title = A new dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) with Asian affinities from the latest Cretaceous of North America | journal = Naturwissenschaften | year = 2013 | pmid = 24248432| pmc = | volume=100 | issue = 11 | pages=1041–9| bibcode = 2013NW....100.1041E }}
56. ^1 2 Stidham, 1999. North American avisaurids (Aves: Enantiornithes): New data on morphology and phylogeny. VII International Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems, abstracts.
57. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite journal |author1=Larry D. Martin |author2=Evgeny N. Kurochkin |author3=Tim T. Tokaryk |year=2012 |title=A new evolutionary lineage of diving birds from the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia |journal=Palaeoworld |volume=21 |issue= |pages= 59–63|doi=10.1016/j.palwor.2012.02.005}}
58. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 [https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/18764 Robert A. DePalma, David A. Burnham, Larry D. Martin, Peter L. Larson and Robert T. Bakker (2015). "The first giant raptor (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Hell Creek Formation". Paleontological Contributions 14: 1–16.]
59. ^1 2 {{cite journal | last1 = Elzanowski | first1 = A. | last2 = Paul | first2 = G.S. | last3 = Stidham | first3 = T.A. | year = 2001 | title = An avian quadrate from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming | url = | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 20 | issue = 4| pages = 712–719 | doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2000)020[0712:aaqftl]2.0.co;2}}
60. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 {{cite journal | last1 = Longrich | first1 = N.R. | last2 = Tokaryk | first2 = T. | last3 = Field | first3 = D.J. | year = 2011 | title = Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 108 | issue = 37| pages = 15253–15257 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1110395108 | bibcode=2011PNAS..10815253L | pmid=21914849 | pmc=3174646}}
61. ^"Class Aves," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 7. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.
62. ^1 "Class Aves," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 7.
63. ^1 Henderson and Peterson (2006) 192–195.
64. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite journal |author1=R. Matsumoto |author2=S. E. Evans |year=2010 |title=Choristoderes and the freshwater assemblages of Laurasia |journal=Journal of Iberian Geology |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=253–274 |url=http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/JIGE/article/view/33860 |doi=10.5209/rev_jige.2010.v36.n2.11}}
65. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Order Testudinata," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 5.
66. ^1 2 3 "Order Testudinata," in Estes and Berberian, (1970). Page 5. All taxa listed occur in Montana, see page 1.
67. ^Arbour, V.M.; Zanno, L.E.; Larson, D.W.; Evans, D.C.; Sues, H. (2015). "The furculae of the dromaeosaurid dinosaur Dakotaraptor steini are trionychid turtle entoplastra". PeerJ PrePrints. 3: e1957.
68. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal |author1=Georgia E. Knauss |author2=Walter G. Joyce |author3=Tyler R. Lyson |author4=Dean Pearson |year=2011 |title=A new kinosternoid from the Late Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota and Montana and the origin of the Dermatemys mawii lineage |journal=Paläontologische Zeitschrift |volume=85 |issue=2 |pages=124–142 |doi=10.1007/s12542-010-0081-x }}
69. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 {{Cite journal|author1=Nicholas R. Longrich |author2=Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar |author3=Jacques A. Gauthier |year=2012 |title=Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=109 |issue=52 |pages=21396–21401 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1211526110 |pmid=23236177 |pmc=3535637|bibcode=2012PNAS..10921396L }}
70. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite journal|author1=Nicholas R. Longrich |author2=Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar |author3=Jacques A. Gauthier |year=2013 |title=Correction for "Mass extinction of lizards and snakes at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary," by Nicholas R. Longrich, Bhart-Anjan S. Bhullar, and Jacques A. Gauthier, which appeared in issue 52, December 26, 2012, of Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (109:21396–21401; first published December 10, 2012; 10.1073/pnas.1211526110) |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=110 |issue=16 |page=6608 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1303907110|bibcode=2013PNAS..110Q6608. }}
71. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska, Richard L. Cifelli, and Zhe-Xi Luo, Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure, Columbia University Press, New York, 2004 {{ISBN|0-231-11918-6}}, p. 98-99
72. ^B. M. Davis. 2007. A revision of “pediomyid” marsupials from the Late Cretaceous of North America. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 52(2):217-256
73. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal |author1=J. David Archibald |author2=Yue Zhang |author3=Tony Harper |author4=Richard L. Cifelli |title=Protungulatum, confirmed Cretaceous occurrence of an otherwise Paleocene eutherian (placental?) mammal |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=153–161 |year=2011 |doi=10.1007/s10914-011-9162-1 }}
74. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |author=Gregory P. Wilson|title=Mammals across the K/Pg boundary in northeastern Montana, U.S.A.: dental morphology and body-size patterns reveal extinction selectivity and immigrant-fueled ecospace filling |journal=Paleobiology |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=429–469 |year=2013 |doi=10.1666/12041 }}
75. ^{{cite journal |author1=Thomas E. Williamson |author2=Stephen L. Brusatte |author3=Thomas D. Carr |author4=Anne Weil |author5=Barbara R. Standhardt |title=The phylogeny and evolution of Cretaceous–Palaeogene metatherians: cladistic analysis and description of new early Palaeocene specimens from the Nacimiento Formation, New Mexico |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=625–651 |year=2012 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2011.631592 }}
76. ^Richard C. Fox (2015) A revision of the Late Cretaceous–Paleocene eutherian mammal Cimolestes Marsh, 1889. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences (advance online publication) doi: 10.1139/cjes-2015-0113 http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjes-2015-0113?src=recsys#.VkAcsrerTcs
77. ^Chandrasekharam, A., 1974. Megafossil flora from the Genesee locality, Alberta, Canada. Palaeontographica, Abt. A, Band 174
78. ^Christophel, D.C., 1976. Fossil floras from the Smoky Tower locality, Alberta, Canada. Palaeontographica, Abt. B, Band 157

Bibliography

  • {{Cite book|last=Pearson|first=D. A. |last2=Schaefer|first2=T. |last3=Johnson|first3=K. R. |last4=Nichols|first4=D. J. |last5=Hunter|first5=J. P. |year=2002 |chapter=Vertebrate Biostratigraphy of the Hell Creek Formation in Southwestern North Dakota and Northwestern South Dakota |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/?id=cHvcIeh2f84C&pg=PA145 |editor-last=Hartman|editor-first=John H. |editor2-last=Johnson|editor2-first=Kirk R. |editor3-last=Nichols|editor3-first=Douglas J. |title=The Hell Creek Formation and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in the northern Great Plains: An integrated continental record of the end of the Cretaceous |publisher=Geological Society of America |id=Special Paper 361 |pages=145–167 |isbn=9780813723617}}
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  • {{cite journal |last1=Boyd |first1=Clint A.|last2=Brown |first2=Caleb M. |last3=Scheetz |first3=Rodney D. |last4=Clarke |last5=Julia A. |year=2009 |title=Taxonomic revision of the basal neornithischian taxa Thescelosaurus and Bugenasaura |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=758–770 |doi=10.1671/039.029.0328}}
  • {{cite journal |last1=Estes |first1=R. |first2=P. |last2=Berberian |year=1970 |title=Paleoecology of a late Cretaceous vertebrate community from Montana |journal=Breviora |volume=343}}
  • {{cite journal | last1 = Henderson | first1 = M.D. | last2 = Peterson | first2 = J.E. | year = 2006| title = An azhdarchid pterosaur cervical vertebra from the Hell Creek Formation (Maastrichtian) of southeastern Montana | url = | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 26 | issue = 1| pages = 192–195 | doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2006)26[192:aapcvf]2.0.co;2}}
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== External links ==

  • Cretaceous Hell Creek Faunal Facies provides a faunal list
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20000517172803/http://www.scn.org/~bh162/index.html Phillip Bigelow, "Hell Creek life: Fossil Flora & Fauna, a Paleoecosystem"]
  • Paleobiology Database: MPM locality 3850 (Hell Creek Formation): Maastrichtian, Montana

28 : Geologic formations of the United States|Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary|Paleocene North America|Maastrichtian Stage of North America|Paleocene Series|Upper Cretaceous Series of North America|Paleogene System of North America|Cretaceous Montana|Cretaceous geology of North Dakota|Cretaceous geology of South Dakota|Cretaceous geology of Wyoming|Paleogene Montana|Paleogene geology of North Dakota|Paleogene geology of South Dakota|Paleogene geology of Wyoming|Natural history of Montana|Natural history of North Dakota|Natural history of South Dakota|Natural history of Wyoming|Sandstone formations of the United States|Mudstone formations|Fluvial deposits|Lacustrine deposits|Paludal deposits|Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of North America|Paleontology in the United States|Lagerstätten|National Natural Landmarks in Montana
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