| 词条 | Hermann Castle |
| 释义 |
|name = Hermann Castle |native_name = Hermanni linnus |partof = |location = Narva, Estonia |image = Narva Hermanni linnus 14002-5.jpg |image_size = 225px |caption = |map_type = Estonia |map_size = |map_alt = |map_caption = Location of Hermann Castle in Estonia |type = Order Castle |coordinates = {{coord|59.37583|28.20194|type:landmark_region:EE|display=inline}} |code = |built = {{Start date|1256}} |builder = Kingdom of Denmark |materials = |height = |used = |demolished = |condition = |ownership = |open_to_public = |controlledby = |garrison = |current_commander = |commanders = |occupants = |battles = |events = |image2 = |caption2 = }} Hermann Castle (also Hermannsfeste, Herman Castle, Narva Castle, and Narva fortress. ({{lang-et|Hermanni linnus}}) is a castle in Narva, eastern Estonia. It was founded in 1256 by the Danes and the first stone castle was built in the beginning of the 14th century. The German Livonian Teutonic knights order purchased the castle on 29 August 1346, and for most of its history the castle was German Teutonic. Medieval fortificationsAlthough the exact age of Narva Castle and the town cause still arguments between historians, they agree on the sequence of events. Firstly, in about the 13th century, the Danes, who had conquered Northern Estonia (see Danish Estonia) built a wooden border stronghold at the crossing of the Narva River and the old road. Under the protection of the stronghold, the earlier settlement developed into the town of Narva, which obtained the Lübeck town rights in the first half of the 14th century. Following several conflicts with the Russians, the Danes started building a stone stronghold at the beginning of the 14th century. It was a small castellum-like building with {{convert|40|m|ft|adj=on}} sides and a tower, a predecessor of the today's Herman Tower, at its north-western corner. At the beginning of the 14th century, a small forecourt was established at the north side of the stronghold and, in the middle of the century, a large forecourt was added to the west side, where citizens were allowed to hide in case of wars as the town of Narva was not surrounded by a wall during the Danish rule. In 1347 King Valdemar IV of Denmark sold Northern Estonia, including Narva, to the Livonian Order, who rebuilt the building into a convent building according to their needs. The stronghold has for the most part preserved the ground plan with its massive wings and a courtyard in the middle. The Herman Tower was also completed at the time of the Order, necessitated by the establishment of Ivangorod Castle by the Russians to the opposite side of the Narva River in 1492. The Order surrounded the town with a wall, which unfortunately has not been preserved (in 1777 there came an order to pull it down). On the basis of descriptions, we know that the wall had four gates: the Viru Gate in the west, the Herd (Karja) Gate in the north, the Old (Vana) Gate leading to the river port in the east and the Water (Vee) or Small (Väike) Gate in the south. The gates were covered with iron plates and preceded by drawbridges. The town wall, with a length of about a kilometre, was fortified with at least seven towers. The town wall was surrounded by a moat. Towards the end of the Order's period, the town wall was supplemented, the gates were strengthened by adding foregates, and several medieval wall towers were adapted to use as special cannon towers or rondels, two of which can be seen today in their reconstructed shape in the corners of the castle's western court. See also
External links{{commons category|Narva Castle}}
9 : Narva|Castles in Estonia|Museums in Estonia|Castles of the Livonian Order|Buildings and structures in Ida-Viru County|1256 establishments in Europe|Gothic architecture in Estonia|Tourist attractions in Ida-Viru County|The Association of Castles and Museums around the Baltic Sea |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。