| 词条 | Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane |
| 释义 |
| Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 451734664 | ImageFileL1 = CL-20.svg | ImageFileL1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageSizeL1 = 121 | ImageNameL1 = Partially condensed, stereo, skeletal formula of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane | ImageFileR1 = HNIW-3D-balls.png | ImageFileR1_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageSizeR1 = 121 | ImageNameR1 = Ball and stick model of hexazaisowurtzitane | IUPACName = 2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazatetracyclo[5.5.0.03,11.05,9]dodecane | OtherNames = {{Unbulleted list | CL-20 | Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane | 2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane | Octahydro-1,3,4,7,8,10-hexanitro-5,2,6-(iminomethenimino)-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyrazine | HNIW |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | Abbreviations = CL-20, HNIW | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}} | CASNo = 135285-90-4 | PubChem = 9889323 | PubChem1 = 11048432 | PubChem1_Comment = (3R,9R)-dodec | PubChem2 = 11419235 | PubChem2_Comment = (3R,5S,9R,11S)- dodec | ChemSpiderID = 8064994 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID1 = 9223599 | ChemSpiderID1_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID1_Comment = (3R,9R)-dodec | ChemSpiderID2 = 9594121 | ChemSpiderID2_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | ChemSpiderID2_Comment = (3R,5S,9R,11S)- dodec | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|changed|EBI}} | ChEBI = 77327 | SMILES = [O-][N+](=O)N1C2C3N(C4C(N3[N+]([O-])=O)N(C(C1N4[N+]([O-])=O)N2[N+]([O-])=O)[N+]([O-])=O)[N+]([O-])=O | StdInChI = 1S/C6H6N12O12/c19-13(20)7-1-2-8(14(21)22)5(7)6-9(15(23)24)3(11(1)17(27)28)4(10(6)16(25)26)12(2)18(29)30/h1-6H | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = NDYLCHGXSQOGMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} }} |Section2={{Chembox Properties | Formula = {{Chem|C|6|N|12|H|6|O|12}} | MolarMass = 438.1850 g mol−1 | Density = 2.044 g cm−3 }} |Section6={{Chembox Explosive | DetonationV = 9.38 km s−1 }} }} Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane, also called HNIW and CL-20, is a nitroamine explosive with the formula C6H6N12O12. The structure of CL-20 was first proposed in 1979 by Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics.[1] In 1980s, CL-20 was developed by the China Lake facility, primarily to be used in propellants. It has a better oxidizer-to-fuel ratio than conventional HMX or RDX. It releases 20% more energy than traditional HMX-based propellants, and is widely superior to conventional high-energy propellants and explosives. Industrial production of CL-20 was achieved in China in 2011, and it was soon fielded in propellant of solid rockets.[2] While most development of CL-20 has been fielded by the Thiokol Corporation, the US Navy (through ONR) has also been interested in CL-20 for use in rocket propellants, such as for missiles, as it has lower observability characteristics such as less visible smoke.[3] CL-20 has not yet been fielded in any production weapons system, but is undergoing testing for stability, production capabilities, and other weapons characteristics. SynthesisFirst, benzylamine (1) is condensed with glyoxal (2) under acidic and dehydrating conditions to yield the first intermediate compound.(3). Four benzyl groups selectively undergo hydrogenolysis using palladium on carbon and hydrogen. The amino groups are then acetylated during the same step using acetic anhydride as the solvent. (4). Finally, compound 4 is reacted with nitronium tetrafluoroborate and nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate, resulting in HNIW.[4] Cocrystal product with HMXIn August 2012, Onas Bolton et al. published results showing that a cocrystal of 2 parts CL-20 and 1 part HMX had similar safety properties to HMX, but with a greater firing power closer to CL-20.[5][6] Cocrystal product with TNTIn August 2011, Adam Matzger and Onas Bolton published results showing that a cocrystal of CL-20 and TNT had twice the stability of CL-20—safe enough to transport, but when heated to {{convert|136|°C|°F}} the cocrystal may separate into liquid TNT and a crystal form of CL-20 with structural defects that is somewhat less stable than CL-20.[7][8] CL-20 covalent chains and networksIn 2017, K.P. Katin and M.M. Maslov designed one-dimensional covalent chains based on the CL-20 molecules.[9] Such chains was constructed using the CH2 molecular bridges for the covalent bonding between the isolated CL-20 fragments. It was theoretically predicted that their stability increased with the efficient length growth. A year later, M.A. Gimaldinova and colleagues demonstrated the versatility of CH2 molecular bridges.[10] It is shown that the use of CH2 bridges is the universal technique to connect both CL-20 fragments in the chain and the chains together to make a network (linear or zigzag). It is confirmed that the increase of the effective sizes and dimensionality of the CL-20 covalent systems leads to their thermodynamic stability growth. Therefore, the formation of CL-20 crystalline covalent solids seems to be energetically favorable, and CL-20 molecules are capable of forming not only molecular crystals but bulk covalent structures as well. Numerical calculations of the CL-20 chains and networks electronic characteristics revealed that they were wide-bandgap semiconductors.[11][12] See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bit.edu.cn/xww/lgxb21/123759.htm |title=北理工的爆轰速度 中国力量的可靠基石 |author=王征, 和霄雯 |publisher=北京理工大学新闻网 |date=2016-04-19}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bit.edu.cn/xww/lgxb21/123905.htm |title=我们要在宇宙空间占一个位置！ |author=黎轩平 |publisher=北京理工大学新闻网 |date=2016-04-23}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-09-university-chemists-stabilize-explosive-cl-.html |title=University chemists devise means to stabilize explosive CL-20 |first=Bob |last=Yirka |publisher=Physorg.com |date=9 September 2011 |accessdate=8 July 2012}} 4. ^{{cite journal|journal = Combust. Explos. Shock Waves|year = 2005|volume = 41|issue = 2|pages = 121–132|title = Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and CL-20-based formulations (review)|first1 = U. R.|last1 = Nair|first2 = R.|last2 = Sivabalan|first3 = G. M.|last3 = Gore|first4 = M.|last4 = Geetha|first5 = S. N.|last5 = Asthana|first6 = H.|last6 = Singh|doi = 10.1007/s10573-005-0014-2}} 5. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/cg3010882 | volume=12 | issue=9 | title=High Power Explosive with Good Sensitivity: A 2:1 Cocrystal of CL-20:HMX | year=2012 | journal=Crystal Growth | pages=4311–4314 | last1 = Bolton | first1 = Onas}} 6. ^Powerful new explosive could replace today's state-of-the-art military explosive, SpaceWar.com, 6 September 2012, accessed 7 September 2012 7. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/anie.201104164 | pmid=21901797 | volume=50 | issue=38 | title=Improved Stability and Smart-Material Functionality Realized in an Energetic Cocrystal | year=2011 | journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition | pages=8960–8963 | last1 = Bolton | first1 = Onas}} 8. ^Things I Won’t Work With: Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane 9. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.jpcs.2017.04.020 | volume=108 | title=Toward CL-20 crystalline covalent solids: On the dependence of energy and electronic properties on the effective size of CL-20 chains | year=2017 | journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids | pages=82–87 | last1 = Katin | first1 = Konstantin P. | last2 = Maslov | first2 = Mikhail M.| arxiv=1611.08623 | bibcode=2017JPCS..108...82K }} 10. ^{{cite journal | doi=10.1039/c8ce00763b | volume=20 | issue=30 | title=Electronic and reactivity characteristics of CL-20 covalent chains and networks: a density functional theory study | year=2018 | journal=CrystEngComm | pages=4336–4344 | last1 = Gimaldinova | first1 = Margarita A. | last2 = Maslov | first2 = Mikhail M. | last3 = Katin | first3 = Konstantin P. }} 11. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.jpcs.2017.04.020 | volume=108 | title=Toward CL-20 crystalline covalent solids: On the dependence of energy and electronic properties on the effective size of CL-20 chains | year=2017 | journal=Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids | pages=82–87 | last1 = Katin | first1 = Konstantin P. | last2 = Maslov | first2 = Mikhail M.| arxiv=1611.08623 | bibcode=2017JPCS..108...82K }} 12. ^{{cite journal | doi=10.1039/c8ce00763b | volume=20 | issue=30 | title=Electronic and reactivity characteristics of CL-20 covalent chains and networks: a density functional theory study | year=2018 | journal=CrystEngComm | pages=4336–4344 | last1 = Gimaldinova | first1 = Margarita A. | last2 = Maslov | first2 = Mikhail M. | last3 = Katin | first3 = Konstantin P. }} Further reading
3 : Explosive chemicals|Nitroamines|Rocket fuels |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。