| 词条 | Hickory Run State Park | |
| 释义 |
| name = Hickory Run State Park | iucn_category = III | iucn_ref = | photo = HickoryRunBoulderField2007.jpg | photo_caption = Boulder Field at Hickory Run State Park, with people in the distance for scale | map = USA Pennsylvania | map_image = | map_size = | map_caption = Location of Hickory Run State Park in Pennsylvania | relief = | location = Carbon, Pennsylvania, United States | nearest_city = | nearest_town = | coordinates = {{coord|41|02|10|N|75|41|02|W|display=inline,title}} | coords_ref = | length = | length_mi = | length_km = | width = | width_mi = | width_km = | area_acre = 15990 | area_ref = | elevation = {{convert|1647|ft|m|abbr=on}}[1] | elevation_avg = | elevation_min = | elevation_max = | dimensions = | designation = | authorized = | created = | designated = | established = 1945 | named_for = Hickory Run | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | visitation_ref = | governing_body = Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources | administrator = | operator = | owner = | website = Hickory Run State Park | embedded = }} Hickory Run State Park is a {{convert|15990|acre|adj=on|0}} Pennsylvania state park in Kidder and Penn Forest Townships in Carbon County, Pennsylvania in the United States. The park is spread across the Pocono Mountains. The park is easily accessible from Interstate 476 and Interstate 80. Hickory Run State Park was chosen by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) and its Bureau of Parks as one of "25 Must-See Pennsylvania State Parks".[2] RecreationThe park supports many activities, some of which vary seasonally. During the summer months, swimming is available in Sand Spring Lake, which is partially bordered by a sand beach. Beginning in 2008, lifeguards will not be posted at the beach.[3] In winter, the frozen lake can be used for ice skating. Seasonal hunting is permitted in many areas of the park, with white-tailed deer, black bear, and squirrels among the game that may be hunted legally. Additional hunting opportunities are available in nearby state game lands, some of which directly border the park.[4] HikingThe park contains {{convert|44|mi}}[4] of trails that offer a variety of hiking experiences. For example, the {{convert|1.5|mi|adj=on}} long "Shades of Death" Trail follows the course of Sand Spring Run through dense rhododendron bushes that bloom from mid-June through mid-July. The run is dammed at certain points, creating lakes. The Fireline, Gould, and Pine Hill Trails are suitable for cross-country skiing in winter. A short {{convert|0.7|mi|adj=on}} walk on the Hawk Falls trail leads to a popular waterfall.[4] Biking is prohibited on all trails. GeologyThe most notable feature of Hickory Run State Park is the huge boulder field located in the northeast corner of the park.[5] The boulder field can be reached by car on Boulder Field Road or by hiking the {{convert|3.5|mi|adj=on}} long Boulder Field Trail from the trailhead on SR 534. The field comprises about {{convert|720000|sqft}} ({{convert|16.5|acre}} or {{convert|0.026|sqmi}}) in area ({{convert|1800|ft}} east-west by {{convert|400|ft}} north-south). The top of the boulder layer is virtually level with the approaching path.[4] This boulder field, known as the Hickory Run boulder field, is the largest of its kind in the Appalachian region. It consists of a very gently sloping expanse of boulders that occupies axis of a small valley with approximately {{convert|100|ft|adj=on}} of relief.[6] A coniferous forest with stony loam soils surrounds the Hickory Run boulder field.[7] The boulders in the Hickory Run boulder field range from less than {{convert|3|ft|adj=on}} to more than {{convert|30|ft|adj=on}} in length. They consist of hard, gray-red, medium-grained sandstone and conglomeratic sandstone from the Catskill Formation which forms the adjacent ridgelines. The boulders at the northeast, upslope, end of the boulder field are generally more angular than those found downslope to the southwest. In the southwest part of the boulder field, boulders are typically subrounded and overlie a layer of small, polished clasts with a red weathering rind. To the southeast, there is a distinct group of boulders, which are less than {{convert|15|ft|adj=on}} long. They appear to be bedrock that is shattered in situ.[8][9] One of two processes, both involving periglacial processes, explains the formation of boulder fields, such as the Hickory Run boulder field.[9] First, boulder-size blocks are generated from the fracturing of an upslope bedrock outcrop by alternating freeze and thaw. As boulders accumulate at the base of the rock slope, periglacial ice-catalyzed heaving and sliding transports them downslope during cold climatic periods to form boulder fields.[6] Finally, boulder fields are also formed by the exhumation of corestones. Initially, corestones form underground by the action of spheroidal weathering on jointed bedrock. Later, the weathered rock, which is called saprolite and formed by the alteration of rock, is progressively removed by erosion from around the corestones to expose them as isolated boulders. In time, these boulders are altered and redistributed over time by the accumulation of unconsolidated soil and sediment; freeze and thaw; and perhaps by periglacial action or glaciation during cold periods to form boulder fields.[10] The presence of glacial erratics south of the area of the Hickory Run boulder field indicate that this area has been covered by an ice sheet at least once, although the timing of the ice sheet or multiple ice sheets is uncertain. The most extensive ice sheet to cover the area containing this boulder field occurred prior to 900,000 years ago as evidenced by reversed magnetic polarity glacial deposits found south of the boulder field. Proglacial deposits of normal polarity suggest the occurrence of another glaciation extensive enough to covered this area sometime after 740,000 years ago. The last glaciation to have covered the area of the Hickory Run boulder field is mapped as Illinoian, about 150,000 years ago. However, it is possible that this ice sheet is somewhat older than this at about 400,000 years ago[9][11] However, cosmogenic nuclide studies demonstrate that some boulders of the Hickory Run boulder field have been exposed at the near surface for about 600,000 years. The interpretation of this data concluded that this boulder field has survived multiple glacial-interglacial cycles and possibly at least one glaciation. This conclusion would indicate that it and other boulder fields are dynamic features that persisted through multiple glacial-interglacial cycles because of the resistance of boulders to weathering and erosion. The large size of Hickory Run boulder field likely reflects multiple periods of periglacial activity during a number of glacial periods.[9] Nearby state parksThe following state parks are within {{convert|30|mi}} of Hickory Run State Park:[12][13][14]
|image = File:Boulder field panorama Hickory Run State Park.jpg |height = 300 |alt = |caption = Panoramic view of the Boulder Field, which is {{convert|400|by|1800|ft}} }} References1. ^{{cite web | url={{Gnis3|1192610}} | title=Hickory Run State Park | date = August 2, 1979 | work=Geographic Names Information System | publisher=United States Geological Survey | accessdate=2008-03-08}} 2. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/findapark/index.htm | title = Find a Park: 25 Must-see Parks | accessdate = May 26, 2015 | publisher = Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.timesleader.com/news/ap?articleID=384046 |title=Pa. state parks going without life guards at beaches in 2008 |accessdate=2008-02-16 |publisher=Times Leader |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007235840/http://www.timesleader.com/news/ap?articleID=384046 |archivedate=2008-10-07 |df= }} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite web| url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/findapark/hickoryrun/index.htm| title = Hickory Run State Park| accessdate = 2007-03-26| publisher = Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources}} 5. ^https://maps.google.com/maps?t=h&q=41.036111,-75.683889&ie=UTF8&hl=en&sll=41.043239,-75.679665&sspn=0.001580,0.003433&ei=S740SpfcJIfSNYCo7KAO&ll=41.050517,-75.642291&spn=0.00316,0.006866&z=18 6. ^1 Smith, H.T.U., 1953. The Hickory Run boulder field, Carbon County, Pennsylvania. American Journal of Science, 251(9), pp. 625-642. 7. ^Natural Resource Conservation Service, 2014, Soil Survey Geographic database for Pennsylvania. Forth Worth, Texas: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. 8. ^Wedo, A.M., 2013, Boulder orientation, shape, and age along a transect of the Hickory Run Boulder Field, Pennsylvania [M.S. Thesis]. Newark, Delaware, University of Delaware, 76 p. 9. ^1 2 3 Denn, A.R., Bierman, P.R., Zimmerman, S.R., Caffee, M.W., Corbett, L.B. and Kirby, E., Cosmogenic nuclides indicate that boulder fields are dynamic, ancient, multigenerational features. GSA Today, 28(3-4), pp. 4-10. doi: 10.1130/GSATG340A.1. 10. ^André, M.F., Hall, K., Bertran, P. and Arocena, J., 2008. Stone runs in the Falkland Islands: Periglacial or tropical?. Geomorphology, 95(3-4), pp. 524-543. 11. ^Braun, D.D., 2004. The glaciation of Pennsylvania, USA. Developments in Quaternary Sciences 2, Part C, pp. 237-242. 12. ^{{cite map | scale= 1:65,000 | publisher= Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Bureau of Planning and Research, Geographic Information Division | url= ftp://ftp.dot.state.pa.us/public/pdf/BPR_pdf_files/Maps/GHS/Roadnames/carbon_GHSN.pdf | title= 2007 General Highway Map Carbon County Pennsylvania | accessdate= 2007-07-27 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Note: shows Hickory Run State Park 13. ^{{cite web | last = Michels | first = Chris | year = 1997 | url = http://www2.nau.edu/~cvm/latlongdist.html | title = Latitude/Longitude Distance Calculation | publisher = Northern Arizona University | accessdate = 2008-04-20}} 14. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/stateparks/findapark/where/index.htm| title = Find a Park by Region (interactive map)| accessdate = November 18, 2011| publisher = Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources }} External links{{Commons category}}{{Portal|Pennsylvania}}
7 : National Natural Landmarks in Pennsylvania|State parks of Pennsylvania|The Poconos|Protected areas established in 1945|Parks in Carbon County, Pennsylvania|Campgrounds in Pennsylvania|Protected areas of Carbon County, Pennsylvania |
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