“Higher education controversy in Odisha”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The higher education controversy in Odisha is a sensitive political issue that has caused parliamentary walkouts, violence, and unrest, and has been the subject of scholarly publications regarding the Indian state of Odisha. According to media reports, there has been large-scale discrimination in setting up these institutions of higher learning against a few states, especially Odisha.^[1]

It has also been observed within scholarly circles that Odisha (known before 2011 as Orissa) is routinely discriminated against by the Indian government, which has caused the state to lag behind the rest of the nation in terms of infrastructure, poverty reduction, literacy, education, and health.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

Origin

In the 11th five-year plan, the Ministry of Human Resources Development (HRD), Manmohan Singh's government had proposed to set up several premier technical institutes across the country to produce a world-class talent pool in science, engineering, and management, which would contribute significantly towards the economic development of the states where they are located, as well as the nation.^[10] The then HRD Minister, Arjun Singh, proposed setting up three new IITs, three IISERs, five new IIMs, twenty new IIITs and four new SPAs, which would receive direct funding from the central government instead of relying on smaller budgets through their state and local governments.^[11]

Media reports reveal that the distribution of these institutions across the states is highly oblique and largely dependent on the political influence of the state in question.^[11]

Alleged discrimination in existing institutions

None of the premier institutions of national importance are located in the eastern state of Odisha. In terms of per capita funding received from the HRD ministry, it is among the bottom-most of all states. The only states below it are Bihar, Rajasthan, and a few very small states in the northeastern region. There have been estimates of the amount of HRD funding received by each state within the Indian union. One recently published estimate is provided in the table below.^[16]^[17]

The non-allocation of quality educational institutions to the state of Odisha by New Delhi has been interpreted by various quarters, ranging from politicians to Oriya academics living abroad, as proof of discrimination against the state by the HRD ministry. Odisha, which has 3.6% of the population of India, receives a minuscule 0.73% of the allocated budget.^[18] This, it is claimed falls within the purview of a larger pattern of what the national media has labelled as the "step-motherly treatment" meted out to Odisha by the government of India.

Alleged discrimination in establishing new institutions

India's recent rapid economic expansion has created the need for more world-class talent. The Human Resources and Development ministry has undertaken the need to set up several more institutions of international quality. A total of twenty-three institutions were announced, including more IITs, IIMs, Central Universities, as well as the new Indian Institutes of Science Education & Research (IISERs) and the Indian Institutes of Engineering Science & Technology (IIESTs), all under the 11th Five Year Plan. As before, the state of Odisha has not been allocated any institution of national importance and continues to be the last state in terms of per capita investment in human resources by the Indian government.^[18]^[19]^[20] The regional disparities in this regard have been pointed out even by C. N. R. Rao, the scientific advisor to the Prime Minister of India.^[21]

Establishing an IIT in Odisha

The HRD ministry has recently announced plans to build three additional IITs in the states of Rajasthan, Bihar, and Andhra Pradesh. According to recent reports, the allocation of the new IITs to Rajasthan and Bihar is to compensate them for earlier neglect.^[22] Andhra Pradesh, which borders Odisha, will get the third IIT, allegedly shifted from Odisha.^[23] If the Indian media is to be believed, the UPA government has categorically declined to establish an IIT in Orissa.^[24]^[25]^[26]

Upgrading existing institute within Odisha to an IIEST

The IIESTs are a group of technical institutions that are planned to be established as IIT clones. They will be set up by upgrading existing NITs and other state funded prominent engineering institutions. Several institutions have been identified by the Indian government for this purpose.^[27]

Odisha has numerous government educational institutes, among which VSSUT is the oldest. Although a front runner for being IIEST in Odisha, but was allegedly sidelined when identifying potential IIESTs.

Shifting of planned IISER from Odisha

It has been alleged that the government had originally picked Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Odisha, as one of the locations for an IISER, which was later shifted to Kolkata.^[28] This issue was resolved when it was decided to set up a similar institution, the National Institute for Science Education and Research (NISER), which would be funded through a separate ministry. NISER is the only such upcoming institution in Odisha, whereas other states have had similar non-HRD funded institutions for several decades.^[29]

Establishing a Central University in Odisha's KBK region

The Koraput-Balangir-Kalahandi (KBK) region of Odisha^[30] is one of the most backward regions of India, with famines and large-scale starvation deaths reported each year.^[31] The region lacks infrastructure and the Indian government has done very little to alleviate the plight of the impoverished masses in those districts.^[32]^[33] There is a long-standing demand by the people of Odisha for the Indian government to establish a central university in this region, as part of the plan to ameliorate the poverty through various direct and indirect means such as education, as is being done in the underdeveloped north-east region.^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]

Establishing an IIM in Odisha

The government of India declared an intention to establish five new IIMs in the country in the 2014-15 Budget speech of the Finance Minister. Odisha State has been granted one IIM institute which the State Government is planning to establish in the second largest knowledge hub of Odisha, Sambalpur having three renowned universities. It is the center of western Odisha with good communication facilities like Jharsuguda and Sambalpur railway junction and an ongoing airport project in Jharsuguda at 50 km distance.

Location of First IIT of India

It is widely believed in Odisha that the first IIT was to be established in Balasore. However, due to some misunderstanding on the part of the state government, land could not be procured for the project and the first IIT was thus moved to Kharagpur. The proximity of Kharagpur to Odisha is cited as proof of the theory that the government of India actually intended the first IIT for Odisha. A similar theory is held in favour in Andhra Pradesh regarding IIT Madras. Both theories are highly controversial but reflect the dissatisfaction of the people of those states, especially Odisha in the allocation made by the central government in the field of higher education. An institution like IIT is a matter of honour for the home state and also a large investment. IIT Kharagpur, for example, is a crucial element of Kharagpur's economy.

Politics related to the issue

Hot parliamentary issue

Politicians including the chief minister of Odisha, Mr. Naveen Patnaik, have sought to cast this festering issue as a sign of severe neglect of the state by the government in New Delhi led by the United Progressive Alliance (UPA).^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43] In May 2007, the issue became a major issue in the Indian parliament.^[44]^[45]^[46] In his words, “Orissa does not have a single institution of national excellence and the demand for IIT is a long-standing one”.^[47] The opposition National Democratic Alliance (NDA) staged a walk-out in the Indian parliament, accusing the ruling UPA of neglecting the state's economic development.^[48]^[49]^[50]

It was reported by sections of the media in May 2007 that the Congress party-led UPA government was embarrassed by this issue.^[51]

Street protests against alleged discrimination

There have been several incidents of protest in Odisha in 2007.^[53] Students have taken to the streets to demand the setting up of an IIT and other educational institutions in Odisha.^[54]^[55]^[56] Agamee Orissa, an organisation spearheading a mass agitation in Odisha has organised statewide rallies.^[57]^[58] There also have been stray incidents of violence related to the issue of Odisha's neglect.^[59] In May 2007, this issue was taken up by the National Students Union of India (NSUI).^[60]

References

1. ^{{Cite news|title=Cry to end higher education divide|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070201/asp/nation/story_7333969.asp|date=2007-02-01|accessdate=2012-02-02|author=The Telegraph|location=Calcutta, India}}
2. ^{{cite journal |url=http://www.baral.us/regional-disparity.pdf|title=Poverty, Disparities, or the Development of Underdevelopment in Orissa|authors=Arjan de Haan, Amaresh Dubey|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=40|issue=22, 23|year=2006|pages=2330–2340|format=PDF|accessdate=2012-02-02}}
3. ^{{cite journal|url=https://www.utoronto.ca/mcis/q2/papers/II_deHann_Dubey_Qual-Quant-AdH-21m.pdf|title=Conceptualising social exclusion in the context of India’s poorest regions: a contribution to the quantitative-qualitative debate|author=Arjan de Haan|journal=Conference on Experiences of Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Poverty Appraisal|date=May 2004|format=PDF|accessdate=2012-02-02|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214095416/http://www.utoronto.ca/mcis/q2/papers/II_deHann_Dubey_Qual-Quant-AdH-21m.pdf|archivedate=14 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}
4. ^{{cite journal |url=http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=60873|title=Chronic Poverty and Remote Rural Areas in Eastern India|author1=B. K. Malik |author2=S. K. Mohanty |journal=Conference on Experiences of Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Poverty Appraisal|date=March–April 2006|publisher=Population Association of America|location=Los Angeles, California|accessdate=2012-02-02}}
5. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/PPPG/Poverty_and_Inequality/events/2007_Spatial_Poverty_Traps/AmitaShah_abstract.pdf|title=Poverty in Remote Rural Areas in India: Pattern, Processes of Reproduction, and Policy Imperatives|author=Amita Shah|journal=Understanding and addressing spatial poverty traps: an international workshop|date=29 March 2007 |publisher=Chronic Poverty Research Centre & Overseas Development Institute |format=PDF|location=Stellenboch, South Africa |accessdate=2012-02-02}}
6. ^{{cite book |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/PPPG/Poverty_and_Inequality/events/2007_Spatial_Poverty_Traps/Background2_RemoteRuralAreas.pdf |author1=Kate Bird |author2=David Hulme |author3=Karen Moore |author4=Andrew Shepherd | title=Chronic Poverty in Remote Rural Areas | publisher=International Development Department, Univ. Birmingham | location=Birmingham, UK | isbn=1-904049-12-5|format=PDF|accessdate=2012-02-02}}
7. ^{{cite book|url=http://www.chronicpoverty.org/pdfs/CPR1%20FINAL/CPRfinCH7.pdf|title=Understanding chronic poverty in South Asia|format=PDF|accessdate=2012-02-02|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011045207/http://www.chronicpoverty.org/pdfs/CPR1%20FINAL/CPRfinCH7.pdf|archivedate=11 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gdnet.org/fulltext/1171789698_Tata_Steel_and_Underdevelopment_of_Orissa.pdf|title=Tata steel’s romance with Orissa: minerals-based underdevelopment and federal politics in India|author=P. J. Pradhan|format=PDF|accessdate=2012-02-02}}
9. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/world/south_asia/517195.stm|title=Analysis: Orissa's history of neglect|author=P. J. Pradhan|work=BBC News|date=12 November 1999|accessdate=2012-02-02}}
10. ^{{cite news|title=Cry to end higher education divide|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070201/asp/nation/story_7333969.asp|date=2007-02-01|author=Monobina Gupta|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=2012-02-02|location=Calcutta, India}}
11. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/18992.html|title=Higher education, lower development|date=21 December 2006|accessdate=2012-02-02|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203182345/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/18992.html|archivedate=3 December 2008|df=dmy-all}}
12. ^{{cite web | url=http://orissalinks.googlepages.com/hrd-nh.pdf | title=State wise distribution of HRD National Highways funding in India: a preliminary report | date=20 January 2006| format=PDF}}
13. ^{{cite web | url=http://education.nic.in/AutonomousIndex.asp | title=Government of India, Ministry of HRD, Department of Highr Education | date=20 January 2006}}
14. ^{{cite web | url=http://iits-11thplan. blogspot. com/ | title=IITs 11th plan | date=20 January 2006}}
15. ^{{cite web | url=http://iits-11thplan. blogspot. com/2007/05/mhrd-discriminates-against-orissa-you.html | title=MHRD discriminates against Orissa: You be the judge! | date=June 2007}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.baral.us/hrd05.pdf |title=Statewise allocation of educational funds by HRD |author=Chitta Baral |year=2005|format=PDF}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.baral.us/nis-iit2.pdf |title=Denying Basic Human Rights to Citizens of Orissa and Bihar |author=Purna C. Mishra |year=2005 |format=PDF}}
18. ^¹{{Cite web|title=Denying Basic Human Rights to Citizens of Orissa and Bihar|url=http://www.baral.us/nis-iit2.pdf|accessdate=2012-02-03|author=Chitta Baral}}
19. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.indianexpress.com/story/7592.html |title = Bias against Bhubaneswar |date = 1 July 2006 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123852/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/7592.html |archivedate = 29 September 2007 |df = dmy-all}}
20. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/16768.html | title=The gold that keeps Orissa poor | date=17 November 2006}}
21. ^{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-30/india/27794187_1_higher-education-scientific-adviser-approach-paper | title=PM's scientific adviser finds Plan paper weak | date=30 September 2006|work=The Times Of India |location=India}}
22. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-21/india/27793253_1_indian-institutes-iits-rajasthan-government| title=IITs to come up in Bihar, Andhra and Rajasthan| date=4 March 2006|work=The Times Of India |location=India}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaedunews.net/IIT/Three_IITs_for_Andhra,_none_for_Orissa_563/| title=Three IITs for Andhra, none for Orissa | date=3 March 2006}}
24. ^{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-08/india/27876914_1_iit-kharagpur-orissa-indian-institute| title=Govt says no to an IIT in Orissa| date=8 May 2007|work=The Times Of India |location=India}}
25. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.indiaedunews.net/Orissa/Centre%5Frules%5Fout%5Fsetting%5Fup%5Fof%5FIIT%5Fin%5FOrissa%5F1015/| title=Centre rules out setting up of IIT in Orissa| date=9 May 2007}}
26. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/145| title=Orissa not to have a premier IIT institute| date=2 June 2007}}
27. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2006/sep/28iit.htm | title=The IIT story: IIESTs, 3 new IITs on way | date=20 January 2007}}
28. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.baral.us/nis3.pdf | title=NIS/IISER/equivalent must be established in Orissa | date=20 January 2007|format=PDF}}
29. ^{{cite web | url=http://iiser.blogspot.com/ | title=Gross injustice to Orissa:Announced National Inst. of Sc. in Bhubaneswar renamed & shifted}}
30. ^{{cite web |url = http://kbk.nic.in/main.htm |title = KBK Districts |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070701235131/http://kbk.nic.in/main.htm |archivedate = 1 July 2007 |df = dmy-all}}
31. ^{{cite web | url=http://pd.cpim.org/2001/sept30/2001_sept30_kashipur.htm | title=Shocking Reports Of Starvation Deaths | date=30 September 2001}}
32. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1815/18150490.htm |title = Ferment in Orissa |date = July–August 2001 |access-date = 2 June 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070218014322/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1815/18150490.htm |archive-date = 18 February 2007 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all}}
33. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/08/31/stories/02310004.htm | title=Centre to blame for starvation | date=31 August 2001}}
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/21273.html | title=Central university as development pill | date=20 January 2007}}
35. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.tathya.in/story.asp?sno=855 | title=Orissa demands IIT and KBK Univ | date=20 January 2007}}
36. ^{{cite web | url=http://orissamatters.com/news/index.php/2005/11/13/central-university/ | title=Central University: Union government ignores Orissa again | date=13 November 2005}}
37. ^{{cite web | url=http://orissalinks.googlepages.com/kbk.pdf | title=Open letter to Planning commission, Government of India | year=2006|format=PDF}}
38. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEQ20070516004725&Page=Q&Title=ORISSA&Topic=0 |title = IIT must for Orissa: Naveen |date = 16 May 2007 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103251/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEQ20070516004725&Page=Q&Title=ORISSA&Topic=0 |archivedate = 29 September 2007 |df = dmy-all}}
39. ^{{cite web |url = http://kalingatimes.com/orissa_news/news/20070511_Orissa_CM_writes_to_Centre_for_IIT.htm |title = Orissa CM writes to Centre for IIT in the State |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613105552/http://www.kalingatimes.com/orissa_news/news/20070511_Orissa_CM_writes_to_Centre_for_IIT.htm |archivedate = 13 June 2007 |df = dmy-all}}
40. ^{{cite web |url = http://orissadiary.com/Shownews.asp?id=4754 |title = Union Govt’s neglect towards Orissa must be corrected: Naveen |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212449/http://orissadiary.com/Shownews.asp?id=4754 |archivedate = 27 September 2007 |df = dmy-all}}
41. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.organiser.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=186&page=12 | title=UPA discrimination on Orissa | date=3 June 2007}}
42. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/poverty-orissas-enemy-number-1naveen/40961-3.html | title=Naveen slams Centre for ignoring Orissa | date=20 May 2007}}
43. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.tathya.in/story.asp?sno=925 |title = Rejection enrage Naveen |date = 9 May 2007 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070513180011/http://www.tathya.in/story.asp?sno=925 |archivedate = 13 May 2007 |df = dmy-all}}
44. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/09/stories/2007050913260300.htm | title=IIT issue echoes in LS | date=3 June 2007| location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu }}
45. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.tathya.in/story.asp?sno=922 |title = IIT Orissa hits Central wall |date = 3 June 2007 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070513180312/http://www.tathya.in/story.asp?sno=922 |archivedate = 13 May 2007 |df = dmy-all}}
46. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/11/stories/2007051112490300.htm | title=Naveen takes up IIT issue with Manmohan | date=11 May 2007| location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu }}
47. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070516/asp/jamshedpur/story_7782711.asp | title=Naveen calls for IIT cause | date=15 May 2007 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph}}
48. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.indianexpress.com/story/30436.html |archive-url = https://archive.is/20130127011537/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/30436.html |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 27 January 2013 |title = IIT for Orissa: NDA stages walkout |date = 9 May 2007}}
49. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.kalingatimes.com/orissa_news/news/20070508_Orissa_MPs_stage_walkout_over_IIT_issue.htm |title = Orissa MPs stage walkout over IIT issue |year = 2007 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070610092651/http://www.kalingatimes.com/orissa_news/news/20070508_Orissa_MPs_stage_walkout_over_IIT_issue.htm |archivedate = 10 June 2007 |df = dmy-all}}
50. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/28/stories/2007052804950300.htm | title=Naveen kicks off movement against UPA Government | date=28 May 2007| location=Chennai, India|work=The Hindu }}
51. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.tathya.in/story.asp?sno=971 |title = IIT issue to hit Congress: Congress leaders have no face to save |date = May 2007 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014313/http://www.tathya.in/story.asp?sno=971 |archivedate = 28 September 2007 |df = dmy-all}}
52. ^{{cite web |url = http://kalingatimes.com/orissa_news/news/20070516_Centre_will_consider.htm |title = Centre will consider IIT for Orissa: Arjun Singh |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070618045743/http://kalingatimes.com/orissa_news/news/20070516_Centre_will_consider.htm |archivedate = 18 June 2007 |df = dmy-all}}
53. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaedunews.net/Andhra_Pradesh/Vehicular_movement_hit_over_protests_on_proposed_IIT_372/ | title=Vehicular movement hit over protests on proposed IIT | date=2 February 2007}}
54. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaedunews.net/Orissa/Political%5Factivists%2C%5Fstudents%5Fdemand%5FIIT%5Ffor%5FOrissa%5F1034/ | title=Political activists, students demand IIT for Orissa | date=11 May 2007}}
55. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=fe37dd51-f859-46db-9435-73bea785d720&&Headline=Child+prodigy+Budhia+rallies+for+IIT+in+Orissa |title = Child prodigy Budhia rallies for IIT in Orissa |date = 8 April 2007 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930050103/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=fe37dd51-f859-46db-9435-73bea785d720&&Headline=Child+prodigy+Budhia+rallies+for+IIT+in+Orissa |archivedate = 30 September 2007 |df = dmy-all}}
56. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEQ20070524024501&Title=ORISSA&rLink=0 |title = Janashakti to launch stir against Centre’s apathy |date = April 2007 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092319/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEQ20070524024501&Title=ORISSA&rLink=0 |archivedate = 29 September 2007 |df = dmy-all}}
57. ^{{cite web |url = http://kalingatimes.com/orissa_news/news/20070408_Agami_Odisha_members_demand_IIT_for_Orissa.htm |title = Agami Odisha members demand IIT for Orissa |year = 2007 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070911003711/http://www.kalingatimes.com/orissa_news/news/20070408_Agami_Odisha_members_demand_IIT_for_Orissa.htm |archivedate = 11 September 2007 |df = dmy-all}}
58. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.tathya.in/story.asp?sno=833 |title = Intellectuals to hit streets for IIT |date = 3 April 2007 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928014246/http://www.tathya.in/story.asp?sno=833 |archivedate = 28 September 2007 |df = dmy-all}}
59. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070515/asp/jamshedpur/story_7777391.asp | title=Youths of BJD picks up fight | date=15 May 2007 | location=Calcutta, India | work=The Telegraph}}
60. ^{{cite web |url = http://newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEQ20070523014356&Page=Q&Title=ORISSA&Topic=0& |title = IIT: NSUI plans stir |date = 23 May 2007 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103337/http://newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEQ20070523014356&Page=Q&Title=ORISSA&Topic=0& |archivedate = 29 September 2007 |df = dmy-all}}