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词条 Close-in weapon system
释义

  1. Gun systems

     Limitations of gun systems  Comparison table 

  2. Land-based

  3. Laser systems

  4. See also

  5. References

A close-in weapon system (CIWS {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|w|ɪ|z}} {{respell|SEE|wiz}}),[1] is a point-defense weapon system for detecting and destroying short-range incoming missiles and enemy aircraft which have penetrated the outer defenses, typically mounted shipboard in a naval capacity. Nearly all classes of larger modern warships are equipped with some kind of CIWS device.

There are two types of CIWS systems. A gun-based CIWS usually consists of a combination of radars, computers, and multiple-barrel, rotary rapid-fire cannons placed on a rotating gun mount. Missile systems use infra-red, passive radar/ESM or semi-active radar terminal guidance to guide missiles to the targeted enemy aircraft or other threats. In some cases, CIWS are used on land to protect military bases. In this case, the CIWS can also protect the base from shell and rocket fire.

Gun systems

A gun-based CIWS usually consists of a combination of radars, computers and rotary or revolver cannon placed on a rotating, automatically-aimed gun mount. Examples of gun-based CIWS products in operation are:

  • AK-630
  • DARDO
  • Denel 35mm Dual Purpose Gun
  • Goalkeeper CIWS
  • Kashtan CIWS
  • Meroka CIWS
  • Myriad CIWS
  • Rheinmetall Oerlikon Millennium Gun[2][3]
  • Phalanx CIWS
  • Sea Zenith
  • Type 730 CIWS
  • Pantsir-ME

Limitations of gun systems

  • Short range: the maximum effective range of {{convert |20|mm|abbr = on}} gun systems is about {{convert|4500|m}}; systems with lighter projectiles have even shorter range. The expected real-world kill-distance of an incoming anti-ship missile is about {{convert |500|m| abbr = on}} or less,[4] still close enough to cause damage to the ship's sensor or communication arrays, or to wound or kill exposed personnel. Thus some CIWS (like Russian Kashtan or Pantsir systems) are augmented by installing the close range SAMs on the same mount for increased tactical flexibility.
  • Limited kill probability: even if the missile is hit and damaged, this may not be enough to destroy it entirely or to alter its course enough to prevent the missile, or fragments from it, from hitting its intended target, particularly as the interception distance is short. This is especially true if the gun fires kinetic-energy-only projectiles.[5]

Comparison table

Comparison
{{flagicon|China Type 730 CIWS[6]{{flagicon|Russia Kashtan CIWS{{cn|date=January 2019{{flagicon|United States Phalanx CIWS[7]{{flagicon|Netherlands Goalkeeper CIWS{{flagicon|Italy DARDO[8]{{flagicon|Switzerland Millennium[9]
Weight9800|kg|lb|abbr=on}}15500|kg|lb|abbr=on}}6200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}9902|kg|lb|abbr=on}}5500|kg|lb|abbr=on}}3300|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
Armament30|mm|in|abbr=on}} 7 barreled Gatling Gun30|mm|in|abbr=on}} 6 barreled GSh-6-30 Gatling Gun

8 × 9M311K + 32 missiles

Kashtan-M:

20|mm|in|abbr=on}} 6 barreled M61 Vulcan Gatling Gun30|mm|in|abbr=on}} 7 barreled GAU-8 Gatling Gun40|mm|in|abbr=on}} 2 barreled Bofors 40 mm35|mm|in|abbr=on}} 1 barreled Oerlikon Millennium 35 mm Naval Revolver Gun System
Rate of Fire 7,000 rounds per minute 10,000 rounds/min (5,000 per gun)

1–2 (salvo) missiles per 3–4 sec

 4,500 rounds per minute 4,200 rounds per minute 600/900 rounds per minute 200/1000 rounds per minute
(effective/ flat-trajectory) Range3000|m|ft|abbr=on}} By missiles:

Kashtan-M:

1,500–10,000 m (4,900–32,800 ft)

By guns:

Kashtan-M:

300–5,000 m (980–16,400 ft)

2000|m|ft|abbr=on}}3600|m|ft|abbr=on}}4000|m|ft|abbr=on}}3500|m|ft|abbr=on}}
Ammunition storage 640 or 2 x 500 rounds (depending on model) 2 x 2,000 rounds 1,550 rounds 1,190 rounds 736 rounds 252 rounds
Muzzle velocity1100|m|ft|abbr=on}} per second 960-1100 m/s (3,150-3,610 ft/s)1100|m|ft|abbr=on}} per second1109|m|ft|abbr=on}} per second1000|m|ft|abbr=on}} per second1050|m|ft|abbr=on}} per second / {{convert|1175|m|ft|abbr=on}} per second
Elevation −25 to +85 degrees3,000m (9,840 ft) −25 to +85 degrees −25 to +85 degrees −13 to +85 degrees −15 to +85 degrees
Speed in Elevation 100 degrees per second 50 degrees per second 115 degrees per second 100 degrees per second 60 degrees per second 70 degrees per second
Traverse 360 ° 360 ° 360 ° 360 ° 360 ° 360 °
Speed in Traverse 100 degrees per second 70 degrees per second 115 degrees per second 100 degrees per second 90 degrees per second 120 degrees per second
In service 2007 1989 1980 1980 ? 2003

Land-based

CIWS are also used on land in the form of C-RAM.[10] On a smaller scale, active protection systems are used in some tanks (to destroy rocket propelled grenades (RPGs), and several are in development. The Drozd system was deployed on Soviet Naval Infantry tanks in the early 1980s, but later replaced by explosive reactive armour. Other systems that are available or under development are the Russian (Arena), Israeli (Trophy), American (Quick Kill) and the South African-Swedish (LEDS-150).

Laser systems

Laser based CIWS systems are being researched. In August 2014 an operational prototype was deployed to the Persian Gulf aboard {{USS|Ponce|LPD-15|6}}.[11] The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, TÜBİTAK) is the second organisation after the US to have developed and tested a High Power Laser CIWS prototype System which is intended to be used on the TF-2000 class frigate and on Turkish airborne systems.[12][13][14]

See also

  • Active protection system

References

1. ^{{cite book|last1=Friedman|first1=Norman|title=The Naval Institute guide to world naval weapons systems, 1991/92|date=1991|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, MD|isbn=0870212885|url=https://books.google.ca/books/about/The_Naval_Institute_Guide_to_World_Naval.html?id=1-cdAQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y|accessdate=13 February 2017}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.rheinmetall-defence.com/index.php?lang%3D3%26fid%3D2177 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-08-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080923222023/http://www.rheinmetall-defence.com/index.php?lang=3 |archivedate=2008-09-23 |df= }}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rheinmetall-detec.de/index.php?fid%3D1570%26lang%3D3%26pdb%3D1 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-09-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927222418/http://www.rheinmetall-detec.de/index.php?fid=1570&lang=3&pdb=1 |archivedate=2007-09-27 |df= }}
4. ^{{citation | format = PDF | url= http://dspace.dsto.defence.gov.au/dspace/bitstream/1947/3526/1/DSTO-TN-0565.pdf | title = Limitations of Guns as a Defence against Manoeuvring Air Weapons | date=June 2004| first1 = Christian | last1 = Wachsberger | first2 = Michael | last2 = Lucas | first3 = Alexander | last3 = Krstic | publisher = DSTO Systems Sciences Laboratory |page = 36}}
5. ^Discovery Channel Discovery Channel Science Top 10 Weapon: Fire Power
6. ^{{cite web|title=偶军航母上的蜂窝制造者是国产11管近防炮,射速可达每分钟1万发......偶早在2009年就知道鸟 - 飞扬军事 - 信息资讯 - 军事主题 - 骑鲸蹈海|url=http://www.fyjs.cn/viewarticle.php?id=335595|website=兄弟|accessdate=13 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112012413/http://www.fyjs.cn/viewarticle.php?id=335595|archivedate=12 November 2013|language=Chinese|date=May 18, 2011}} {{zh-icon}}
7. ^{{cite web|author=Dan Petty |url=http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=2100&tid=800&ct=2 |title=The US Navy - Fact File: |publisher=Navy.mil |date= |accessdate=2013-05-18}}
8. ^{{cite web|author=Tony DiGiulian |url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNIT_4cm-70_Breda.htm |title=Italy 40 mm/70 (1.57") Breda |publisher=Navweaps.com |date= |accessdate=2013-05-18}}
9. ^Rheinmetall Oerlikon Millennium Gun
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.usi-inc.net/23.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-12-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305042707/http://www.usi-inc.net/23.html |archivedate=2016-03-05}}
11. ^[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-11-14/u-s-navy-deploys-its-first-laser-weapon-in-the-persian-gulf.html?hootPostID=94e130e1e7fc30541915dec039384948 U.S. Navy Deploys Its First Laser Weapon in the Persian Gulf] - Bloomberg.com, 14 November 2014
12. ^{{cite news|last=Insinna |first=Valerie |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/policy-budget/warfare/2015/02/14/turkey-laser-weapon-indigenous-tubitak-test/23291513/ |title=turkey-laser-weapon-indigenous-tubitak-test |publisher=Defensenews.com |date=2015-02-14 |accessdate=2016-12-03}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://times.am/?p=107408&l=en |title=Turkey creates laser weapon |publisher=Times.am |date= |accessdate=2016-12-03}}
14. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.worldbulletin.net/headlines/153303/turkey-aims-to-second-us-in-using-laser-as-military-weapon |title=Turkey aims to second US in using laser as military weapon | General | Worldbulletin News |publisher=Worldbulletin.net |date=2015-01-19 |accessdate=2016-12-03}}
{{commons category|CIWS}}

5 : Close-in weapon systems|Anti-aircraft guns|Naval anti-aircraft guns|Naval surface-to-air missiles|Weapons countermeasures
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