“Hindkowans”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Hindkowans (Pashto/{{lang-pnb|{{Nastaliq|هندکوان}}}}; "Hindko-speakers") are an linguistic-cultural group native to the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pothohar Plateau and Azad Kashmir regions of Pakistan. Hindkowans have mixed origins and almost all speak various Hindko dialects. They were originally settled in the northern regions of Pakistan primarily concentrated near the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. At present, Hindkowans mainly inhabit Peshawar, Nowshera, Swabi, Mansehra, Abbottabad, Haripur and Attock.^[3] Those who live in Afghanistan are known as Hindkis. Most of the Tribes residing in Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa such as; Tareen, Tanoli, Jadoon, Tahirkheli, Dilazak, Mashwani, Swatis and Utmanzais, speak Hindko and constitute an integral part of Hindkowans. Those who resides in urban centers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan such as: Peshawar, Kohat, Nowshera and Swabi are alternatively termed as "Kharian/Kharay" or city-dweller. Some Hindkowans have left the region and now live in other parts of South Asia,^[4] such as; Indian-controlled Jammu & Kashmir and Pakistani-controlled Azad Kashmir.

Origin

The NWFP Imperial Gazetteer of India (1905) regularly refers to their language as Hindko, which refers to the "Hindu Kush mountain range."^[5] According to the publication Hindko and Gujari:

In Afghanistan, a group of Hindus still continue to speak Hindko and are referred to as Hindki,^[7] which according to Grierson is a variant of the term Hindko.^[8]^[9] The Hindkis are also sometimes applied in a historical sense to the Buddhist inhabitants of the Peshawar Valley north of the Kabul River, who were driven thence about the 5th or 6th century C.E. and settled in the neighbourhood of Kandahar.^[7] However, in Pakistan the term is considered slightly pejorative and hence Hindkowan or Hindkun is preferred on par with the term Pashtun (the 2nd largest ethnic group after hindkowans in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province).^[8]

Religion

Hindkohwans are predominantly Sunni Muslims. However, some Hindu Hindkowans converted to Islam, mostly settled in Pothohar Plateau, due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape.^[2] There are a number of Hindu Hindkowans.^[10]^[11] Some of these Hindu Hindkowans are traders and over time, have settled in areas as far as Kalat, Balochistan.^[12]^[13] Other Hindu Hindkowans migrated to India after the independence in 1947.^[4]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hno|title=Hindko, Northern|work=Ethnologue}}
2. ^¹{{cite web|url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hnd|title = Hindko, Southern|publisher = SIL International|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}
3. ^{{cite book|last=Qadeer|first=Mohammad A.|title=Pakistan: Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation|year=2006|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0415375665|page=40}}
4. ^¹{{cite web|url = http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-12-2003_pg7_25| title = Peshawarites still remember the Kapoor family|publisher = Daily Times |accessdate = 2007-09-14}}
5. ^{{cite journal| title = Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar |author=C. Shackle |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |volume=43 |issue=3 |year=1980 |pages=482–510 |jstor=615737 |doi=10.1017/s0041977x00137401}}
6. ^{{Cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4n91AAAAIAAJ&q=hindu+hindko&dq=hindu+hindko&cd=1|title = Hindko and Gujari: Volume 3 of Sociolinguistic survey of northern Pakistan |publisher = National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University|accessdate = 2007-09-09|year = 1992 }}
7. ^¹{{cite encyclopedia|url = http://www.gutenberg.org/files/39353/39353-h/39353-h.htm#ar201 | title = Hindki|encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica|edition=11th |editor-last=Chisholm |editor-first=Hugh |publisher=Cambridge University Press}}
8. ^¹{{Cite journal|last=Shackle|first=C.|title=Hindko in Kohat and Peshawar|journal= Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|volume=43|issue=3|date=1980|pages=482–510|jstor=615737|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00137401}}
9. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hno| title = Ethnologue Report for Hindko|publisher = Ethnologue|accessdate = 2007-09-14}}
10. ^{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=naMUAQAAIAAJ&q=sikh+hindko&dq=sikh+hindko&cd=4|quote= The real opposition to Pashto came, however, from the speakers of Hindko. A large number of Sikhs and Hindus, all speaking Hindko, lived in the cities of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and had a voice in the legislative assembly, this was often perceived as the non-Muslim opposition to Pashto.|title=Journal of Asian history, Volumes 35–36|publisher = O. Harrassowitz|accessdate = 2008-08-17|year= 2001}}
11. ^{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kjZiAAAAMAAJ&q=sikh+hindko&dq=sikh+hindko&cd=10|quote= The real opposition to Pashto came, however, from the speakers of Hindko. A large number of Sikhs and Hindus, all speaking Hindko, lived in the cities of N.W.F.P. and had a voice in the legislative assembly, this was often perceived as the non-Muslim opposition to Pashto.|title=Language, ideology and power: language learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India|publisher = Oxford University Press|accessdate = 2008-08-17|isbn= 9780195796445|year= 2002}}
12. ^{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=K3pCAAAAYAAJ&q=kalat+hindko+hindu&dq=kalat+hindko+hindu&cd=1|quote= ...is in the hands of a small caste of Hindu merchants. These Hindus are Hindko-speaking and regard Kalat as their homeland, where they generally keep their families and go for some months every year to visit and to obtain supplies. While in the Marri area, they must be under the protection of a local Marri chief or the sardar himself.| title = The social organization of the Marri Baluch|publisher = Indus Publications |accessdate = 2008-08-17|year= 1966}}
13. ^{{cite book|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yuyZAAAAIAAJ&q=kalat+hindu+merchants+marri&dq=kalat+hindu+merchants+marri&cd=6|quote= ...is in the hands of a small caste of Hindu merchants. These Hindus are Hindko-speaking and regard Kalat as their homeland, where they generally keep their families and go for some months every year to visit and to obtain supplies. While in the Marri area, they must be under the protection of a local Marri chief or the sardar himself.| title = Viking fund publications in anthropology, Issue 43|publisher = Viking Fund|accessdate = 2008-08-17|year= 1966}}