“Hinterkaifeck murders”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Hinterkaifeck was a small farmstead situated between the Bavarian towns of Ingolstadt and Schrobenhausen, approximately {{convert|70|km}} north of Munich, that has become infamous as the scene of one of the most gruesome and puzzling crimes in German history. On the evening of 31 March 1922, the six inhabitants of the farm were killed with a mattock. The murders remain unsolved.

The six victims were parents Andreas Gruber (63) and Cäzilia (72); their widowed daughter Viktoria Gabriel (35); Viktoria's children, Cäzilia (7) and Josef (2); and the maid, Maria Baumgartner (44).

Hinterkaifeck was never an official place name. The name was used for the remote farmstead of the hamlet of Kaifeck, located nearly {{convert|1|km}} north of the main part of Kaifeck and hidden in the woods (the prefix Hinter, part of many German place names, means behind), part of the town of Wangen, which was incorporated into Waidhofen in 1971.

History

Built around 1863^[1], the yard (previously the area was open farmland) was completely demolished less than a year after the murders. Hinterkaifeck was officially never a separate district with this name, but only an unofficial house name. It did not belong to the eponymous place Kaifeck (about a kilometre south), but to the village Gröbern as house number 27 ½ of the municipality Wangen. The house name is a historical name only, as the site has hosted no structure since the demolition. The eponymous Kaifeck is an Einödhof, or single farm settlement, located just over one kilometer to the south of the "murder farm" on the municipal road to Schrobenhausen. Today the former land of Hinterkaifeck is an agricultural area.

Summary of the crime

On April 4, 1922, after none of the inhabitants of Hinterkaifeck had been seen for some time, three men went to the property. Upon investigation, they found the bodies of Andreas Gruber, his wife Cäzilia Gruber, his daughter Viktoria Gabriel, and his granddaughter Cäzilia, murdered in the barn. Shortly after they found the chamber maid, Maria Baumgartner, and the youngest family member, Viktoria's son Josef, murdered in the home. To this day, the murder is unsolved.

Acts

Events before the act

Strange things began to occur in and around Hinterkaifeck sometime before the attack. Six months before the attack, the family maid quit, claiming she heard strange sounds and that she believed the house to be haunted. Andreas Gruber found a strange newspaper from Munich on the property in March 1922. He could not remember buying it and thus Gruber initially believed that the postman had lost the newspaper. This was not the case, however, as no one in the vicinity subscribed to the paper.^[2] Just days before the murders, Gruber told neighbors he discovered tracks in the fresh snow that led from the forest to Hinterkaifeck. While this alone was not unsettling, it was the fact that the tracks did not lead away from the house again that unnerved him. Around the same time, one of the family's house keys went missing. The family also repeatedly observed a man with a mustache. During the night they heard footsteps in the attic, but Andreas Gruber found no one when he searched the building. Although he told several people about these alleged observations, he refused to accept help and the details went unreported to the police. According to a school friend of the seven-year Cäzilia Gabriel, the young girl reported that her mother Viktoria had fled the farm the night before the act after a violent quarrel and only hours later had been found in the forest. 33 years later, the school friend's story had changed and she claimed that not Viktoria Gabriel, but her mother, Cäzilia Gruber, had fled.^[3]

That night of March 31 to the morning of April 1, 1922

On the afternoon of March 31, 1922, a Friday, the new maid, Maria Baumgartner, arrived at the farm. Her sister had escorted her there and left the farm after a short stay and she was most likely the last person to see the inhabitants alive. A few hours later, the six inhabitants of Hinterkaifeck would be dead. It is impossible to reconstruct the exact events of the evening without some speculation, but some details are clear after investigation. It appears that in the late evening, Viktoria Gabriel, her seven-year-old daughter Cäzilia, and her parents Andreas and Cäzilia Gruber, were lured to the family barn through the stable, where they were murdered, one at a time. The perpetrator (or perpetrators) used a mattock belonging to the family farm and killed the family with blows to the head. It is unclear if the family went to the barn as part of a regular routine, or if something out of the ordinary caused them to visit this part of the estate. Later experiments proved, however, that screams from the barn could not be heard in most of the rest of the estate.^[4] The perpetrator moved from the barn through the stable into the living quarters, where - with the same murder weapon - he killed the maid Maria Baumgartner in her bedchamber. Presumably, he killed young Josef last, as the two-year-old boy slept in his bassinet in his mother's bedroom.^[5]

Discovery

On April 1, coffee sellers Hans and Eduard Schirovsky arrived in Hinterkaifeck to place an order. When no one responded to the knocks on the door and the window, they walked around the yard but found no one. They only noticed that the gate to the machine house was open before they decided to leave.^[6] Cäzilia Gabriel was absent without excuse for the next few days of school and the family failed to show up for Sunday worship.^[7] On Monday, April 3, the postman, Josef Mayer, was delivering the mail at Hinterkaifeck when he noticed that Saturday's mail was still where he had left it, and that no one had been in the yard. Assembler Albert Hofner went to Hinterkaifeck on 4 April to repair the engine of the food chopper. He stated that he had not seen any of the family and had heard nothing but the sounds of the animals, noting the barking dog. After waiting for an hour, he decided to start his repair, which he completed in roughly 4.5 hours. After the repair, he noticed that the barn door was open, but could not say for certain whether it had been open when he got there. He peeked into the barn but did not go inside. In Gröbern, he met the daughters of the village guide, Lorenz Schlittenbauer, and told them that the repairs in Hinterkaifeck were done. Hofner also told Georg Greger, the mayor of Wangen, about the ghostly emptiness of Hinterkaifeck. Schlittenbauer then sent his two sons Johann and Josef to Hinterkaifeck to see if they could make contact with the family. When they reported that they did not see anyone, Schlittenbauer headed to the farm the same day with Michael Pöll and Jakob Sigl, at which time they discovered the mostly concealed bodies in the barn and home.^[8]

Investigation

Inspector Georg Reingruber and his colleagues from the Munich Police Department investigated the killings. More than 100 suspects have been questioned throughout the years, with the most recent questioning taking place in 1986. None of the questioning ever yielded any conclusive results.

The day after the discovery of the bodies, court physician Johann Baptist Aumüller performed the autopsies in the barn. It was established that a mattock was the most likely murder weapon, though the weapon itself was not at the scene. Evidence showed that the younger Cäzilia had been alive for several hours after the assault – she had torn her hair out in tufts while lying in the straw, next to the bodies of her grandparents and her mother. The skulls of the corpses were sent to Munich, where clairvoyants examined them, to no avail.^[9] The heads were later lost, possibly destroyed in the Allied bombings in World War II.

The police first suspected the motive to be robbery, and they interrogated traveling craftsmen, vagrants, and several inhabitants from the surrounding villages. When a large amount of money was found in the house, they abandoned this theory. It was clear the perpetrator(s) remained at the farm for several days: someone had fed the cattle, eaten the entire supply of bread from the kitchen, and had recently cut meat from the pantry. Neighbors also reported smoke coming from the chimney all weekend. The perpetrator would have easily found the money if robbery had been the intention, but as it was, the money remained untouched. With no clear motive to be gleaned from the crime scene, the police began to formulate a list of suspects.

Suspects

Karl Gabriel

The husband of Viktoria Gabriel, Karl Gabriel, had reportedly been killed in December 1914, during the First World War. However, his body had never been recovered. After the murders, people began to speculate if he had indeed died in the war. Viktoria Gabriel had given birth to Josef illegitimately in her husband's absence. Two-year-old Josef was rumoured to be the son of Viktoria and her father Andreas, who had an incestuous relationship that was documented in court and known in the village.^[10] Some theorized that Karl Gabriel killed the family to seek revenge. Although soldiers from his regiment testified to his death and the police were inclined to believe them, this theory gained new nourishment over the years, after people repeatedly reported that they had met Gabriel or could confirm that he had exchanged his identity with that of a fallen comrade.

After the end of the Second World War, war captives from the Schrobenhausen region who were released prematurely from Soviet captivity claimed that they had been sent home by a Bavarian-speaking Soviet officer who claimed to be the murderer of Hinterkaifeck. Some of these men later revised their statements, however, which diminishes their credibility. Many theorized that this Soviet might be Karl Gabriel, because those that claimed to have seen the man after his reported death testified that Gabriel had wanted to go to Russia.^[11] Whether Karl Gabriel lived through World War I can never be known for certain, and even if it could, there is no proving that he was the Hinterkaifeck killer.

Lorenz Schlittenbauer

Lorenz Schlittenbauer had in 1918, shortly after the death of his first wife, carried on a relationship with Viktoria Gabriel. It is possible that he had fathered Josef, as his initials appeared on the boy's birth certificate. Perhaps he had killed the family because Viktoria had come after him for alimony. He was suspected, by the locals, as the perpetrator because of several telling acts he committed during the discovery of the bodies. When they had come to investigate, Schlittenbauer and his friends had to break a gate because all of the doors were locked. After finding the four bodies in the barn, his two companions left the stable shocked, while Schlittenbauer went alone into the house, which he seemed to know well. As he went, he said he was looking for his son. When he entered the house, the other men clearly heard him unlock the front door with a key. It seemed that this might be the key that had gone missing days before the murders, though it is possible Schlittenbauer might have had a key for any number of other reasons. Schlittenbauer had also disturbed the bodies at the scene, ruining the initial investigation. Still, he claimed he had done it because he was looking for his son, the illegitimate Josef.^[12]^[13]

Even years later suspicion fell to Schlittenbauer because of his strange comments. According to reports in the files for the case, local teacher Hans Yblagger surprised Schlittenbauer on the remains of the demolished Hinterkaifeck in 1925, at which time Schlittenbauer, frightful and confused, mentioned an attempt by the perpetrator to bury the remains of the family in the barn. Schlittenbauer reportedly commented that it was not possible due to the frozen ground, something, it seemed, only the perpetrator would know. Although being a neighbor and familiar with the local land, he would also be aware of whether or not the ground was frozen from the weather and may have been making an educated guess.

Before his death in 1941, Schlittenbauer conducted and won several civil claims for slander against persons who described him as the "murderer of Hinterkaifeck".^[14]^[15]

Brothers Gump

On April 9, 1922, lead Detective Inspector General George Reingruber wanted to question Adolf Gump in connection with the murders as it had been rumored he was in a relationship with Victoria. However, no evidence was ever found to prove this claim. With three others, Adolf Gump had participated in the murder of nine peasants in Silesia. Reingruber could not rule Adolf Gump's potential involvement in the murders at Hinterkaifeck and he instructed the corresponding gendarmerie stations to ask for an alibi for the last few days in March 1922.

In 1951 prosecutor Andreas Popp investigated Adolf's brother Anton Gump in relation to the murders at Hinterkaifeck. The sister of the Gumps, Kreszentia Mayer, claimed on her deathbed that her brothers Adolf and Anton had committed the murders. As a result, Anton Gump was remanded to police custody, but Adolf had already died in 1944. After a short time, however, Anton was dismissed again, and in 1954, the case against him was finally discontinued because he could not be proven to have participated in the crime.^[16]

The brothers Karl and Andreas S. from Sattelberg

In 1971, a woman named Therese T. wrote a letter citing an event in her youth: At the age of twelve, she witnessed her mother receiving a visit from the mother of the brothers Karl and Andreas S. The woman claimed that her sons were the two murderers of Hinterkaifeck. The mother said, "Andreas regretted that he lost his penknife" in the course of the conversation. In fact, when the farm was demolished in 1923, a pocket knife was found that could not be clearly assigned to anyone. However, the knife could have easily belonged to one of the murder victims. This track was followed without result.^[17] Kreszenz Rieger, the former maid of Hinterkaifeck, was certain she had already seen the penknife in the yard during her service.^[18]

Peter Weber

Peter Weber was named a suspect by Josef Betz. The two worked together in the winter of 1919/1920 as laborers and they shared a chamber. According to Betz, Weber spoke in the time of a remote farm, Hinterkaifeck. Weber knew that only one old couple lived there with their daughter and her two children. It is likely he knew about the incest between Gruber and his daughter. Betz testified in a hearing that Weber had suggested killing the old man to get the family's money. When Betz did not respond to the offer, Weber stopped talking about it.^[19]

The Bichler brothers and Georg Siegl

The former maid Kreszenz Rieger worked from November 1920 to about September 1921 on Hinterkaifeck. She suspected the brothers Anton and Karl Bichler to have committed the murders. Anton Bichler had helped with the potato harvest on Hinterkaifeck and therefore knew the premises. Rieger said Bichler talked to her often about the Gruber and Gabriel family. Anton reportedly suggested that the family ought to be dead. The maid also emphasized in her interrogation that the farm dog, who barked at everyone, never barked at Anton. In addition, she reported speaking with a stranger through her window at night. The maid believed that it was Karl Bichler, the brother of Anton. She thought that Anton and Karl Bichler could have committed the murder together with Georg Siegl, who had worked at Hinterkaifeck and knew of the family fortune. Supposedly, Siegl had broken into the home in November 1920 and had stolen a number of items, though he denied it.^[20] ^[21] He did state that he had carved the handle of the murder weapon when he was working at Hinterkaifeck and knew that the tool would have been kept in the barn passage.^[22]

Brothers Thaler

The Thaler brothers were also suspected, according to a statement by the former maid Kreszenz Rieger. The brothers had already committed several minor burglaries in the area before the crime. Rieger said that Josef Thaler stood at her window at night and asked her questions about the family, but she gave no answer. In conversation, Josef Thaler claimed to know which family member was sleeping in which room and stated that they had a lot of money. He also stated that the quayside had a lot of money. During their conversation, Rieger noted that there was another person nearby. According to her statement, Josef Thaler and the stranger looked at the machine house and turned their eyes upwards.^[23]

Result of the investigation

Despite repeated arrests, no murderer has ever been found and the files were closed in 1955. Nevertheless, the last interrogations took place in 1986, and Kriminalhauptkommissar Konrad Müller still determined today - retired.^[24]

In 2007, the students of the Polizeifachhochschule (Police Academy) in Fürstenfeldbruck examined the case using modern criminal investigation techniques. They concluded that it is impossible to definitively solve the crime after so much time had passed. The primitive investigation techniques available at the time of the murders yielded little evidence, and in the decades since the murders, evidence has been lost and suspects have since died. Despite these setbacks, the students did establish a prime suspect but did not name the suspect out of respect for still‑living relatives.

Funeral services and commemoration

The dead are, without their skulls, buried in the cemetery Waidhofen and a memorial stone was erected at the grave. The skulls of the dead were last kept in a justice building in Augsburg and likely were destroyed in a bomb attack during the Second World War. The farm was demolished in 1923.^[25]

Inconsistencies in the case and investigation failures

In the inspection record of the court commission, it was noted that the victims were probably drawn to the barn by restlessness in the stable resulting in noises from the animals. A later attempt, however, revealed that at least human screams from the barn could not be not heard in the living area. This raises the question of why the four eldest members of the family went to the barn in the first place.

The exact sequence of events could not be clarified without a doubt. There were only five pictures taken of the crime scene: two with the bodies in the barn, one of the dead maid in her chamber, one of Josef's bassinet in Viktoria's bedroom, and an outside view from the yard. Dactyloscopic traces were not secured. A reconstruction based on the positioning of the bodies revealed that Viktoria Gabriel was likely the first murder victim in the barn. Next was likely the elder Cäzilia Gruber, followed by her husband Andreas Gruber, and finally Cäzilia Gabriel. In the house, the maid must have been killed first, then Josef.

The assumption has often been made that the killer was already on the premises and inside the house before the act, based on the stories Andreas told his neighbors before his death. Some of the evidence for this theory included shifted roof tiles and hollows in the hay, but these were later interpreted as possible hiding places for the incestuous activities of Andreas Gruber and his daughter Viktoria. This would explain why these irregularities went unnoticed by Andreas Gruber, if he had in fact thoroughly searched the farm several times as he said.

On the night after the crime, three days before the bodies were discovered, the artisan Michael Plöckl happened to pass by Hinterkaifeck. Plöckl observed that the oven had been heated by someone. That person had approached him with a flashlight and blinded him, whereupon he hastily continued on his way. Plöckl also noticed that the smoke from the fireplace had a disgusting smell. This instance was not investigated and there were no investigations conducted to determine what had been burned that night in the oven.^[26]

On the 1st of April at 3 o'clock in the morning, the farmer and butcher Simon Reißländer, on the way home near Brunnen, saw two unknown figures at the edge of the forest. When the strangers saw him, they turned around so that their faces could not be seen. Later, when he heard of the murders in Hinterkaifeck, he thought it possible that the strangers might be involved.^[27]

The fitter Albert Hofner was at Hinterkaifeck for several hours of repair work after the crime, but was only questioned in 1925, as the police had failed to conduct an interrogation immediately after the crime. His statement suggests that the perpetrator was back in the yard during the time of the repair. The doors to the house had been locked and he had not met anyone, but he did hear the dogs barking inside. At the end of his repair, a dog was tied up outside instead and the barn door had been open. When the men discovered the bodies later that day, the dog was inside the barn with the victims and the barn door had been closed again.

In the middle of May 1927, a stranger was said to have stopped a resident of Waidhofen at midnight. He asked him questions about the murder and then shouted that he was the murderer before he ran into the woods. Who the man was, could not be determined.^[28]

Legacy

Many books and newspaper articles have been devoted to the murders. A series of articles by Josef Ludwig Hecker in the Schrobenhausener Zeitung revived interest in the murders.^[29] Munich journalist Peter Leuschner wrote two books with the title Hinterkaifeck: Der Mordfall. Spuren eines mysteriösen Verbrechens, in 1979 and 1997. The second book is an extension of the first book; Leuschner quotes the original police files.{{cn|date=February 2019}}

A documentary film, Hinterkaifeck - Symbol des Unheimlichen (1981) is based on the Leuschner book; Hans Fegert adapted the book, directed the film (shot on Super 8, with sound), and was the cameraman.^[29] The film was shown regularly in Ingolstadt.^[30] Ten years later, Reinhard Keilich's play Hinterkaifeck – Deutschlands geheimnisvollster Mordfall (1991) was produced, and at the same time Kurt K. Hieber produced another documentary, shot on location, and shown on television and in local cinemas. Also in 1991, radio station Funkhaus Ingolstadt aired a documentary, Hinterkaifeck – auf den Spuren eines Mörders, and the Abendzeitung (München) ran a series of articles called Die sechs Toten vom Einödhof – Bayerns rätselhaftestes Verbrechen.^[29]

Hinter Kaifeck is a mystery thriller from 2009 made by director Esther Gronenborn and producer Monika Raebel, starring

In 2017, the last chapter of The Man from the Train by Bill James and his daughter Rachel McCarthy James, briefly discusses the murders at Hinterkaifeck. The authors explain the possibility that the German crimes might have been committed by Paul Mueller, the titular serial killer the authors believe killed several families in the US under similar circumstances between 1898 and 1912 (e.g., entire families killed in isolated towns, by a murderer who used an axe and committed no robbery but had a sadistic sexual interest in young girls). The authors rate the chances of Mueller as the Hinterkaifeck killer as "more or less a toss-up" but conclude "there's no real reason to believe that it's not him".^[32]

References

1. ^https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Sonstiges:_Der_Hof_Hinterkaifeck#Erbauung
2. ^https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Aussagen:_1952-01-10_Mayer_Josef
3. ^https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/?menuid=23#6
4. ^https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Berichte:_1922-04-06_Wiessner_Konrad,_Oberamtsrichter
5. ^https://www.donaukurier.de/themen/dossiers/hinterkaifeck/90-Jahre-Hinterkaifeck-Der-Fall;art199186,2565983
6. ^https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Aussagen:_1922-04-05_Schirovsky_Hans_u._Eduard
7. ^https://www.donaukurier.de/themen/dossiers/hinterkaifeck/90-Jahre-Hinterkaifeck-Der-Fall;art199186,2565983
8. ^https://www.donaukurier.de/themen/dossiers/hinterkaifeck/90-Jahre-Hinterkaifeck-Der-Fall;art199186,2565983
9. ^Leuschner, Peter (1997): Hinterkaifeck. Spuren eines mysteriösen Verbrechens. p. 76 ff.
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://hinterkaifeck.net/index.php?menuid=23#1|title=Inzestuöse Beziehung Viktoria Gabriel / Andreas Gruber|work=Der Mordfall Hinterkaifeck|accessdate=4 January 2012}}
11. ^https://www.donaukurier.de/themen/dossiers/hinterkaifeck/90-Jahre-Hinterkaifeck-Der-Verdaechtige-Karl-Gabriel;art199186,2582787
12. ^https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Aussagen:_1952-01-10_Sigl_Jakob
13. ^https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Berichte:_1922-04-06_Wiessner_Konrad,_Oberamtsrichter
14. ^http://www.donaukurier.de/themen/dossiers/hinterkaifeck/90-Jahre-Hinterkaifeck-Der-Verdaechtige-Lorenz-Schlittenbauer;art199186,2580235
15. ^https://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/mysterioeser-mord-geheimnis-um-eine-siebte-leiche-1.409404
16. ^https://www.donaukurier.de/themen/dossiers/hinterkaifeck/90-Jahre-Hinterkaifeck-Die-Verdaechtigen-die-Brueder-Gump;art199186,2582798
17. ^http://www.hinterkaifeck-mord.de/homepage/html/Navilinks/Verdaechtige.html
18. ^https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Sachverhalte:_Taschenmesser
19. ^https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Aussagen:_1922-04-07_Betz_Josef
20. ^https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Aussagen:_1922-04-24_Rieger_Kreszenz
21. ^https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Aussagen:_1922-04-27_Siegl_Georg
22. ^https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Personen:_Siegl_Georg
23. ^https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Aussagen:_1952-07-09_Rieger_Kreszenz_I
24. ^http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/bayern/Hinterkaifeck-oder-der-Reiz-des-Ungewissen-id19433916.html
25. ^https://www.donaukurier.de/themen/dossiers/hinterkaifeck/90-Jahre-Hinterkaifeck-Fortgang-des-Hofes;art199186,2582809
26. ^https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Sachverhalte:_Die_Begegnung_am_Backofen
27. ^https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Aussagen:_1922-04-10_Reisl%C3%A4nder_Simon
28. ^https://www.hinterkaifeck.net/wiki/index.php?title=Zeitungsartikel:_1931-04-01_Schrobenhausener_Zeitung
29. ^¹²{{cite news|url=https://www.donaukurier.de/themen/dossiers/hinterkaifeck/Bleibendes-Raetsel-um-den-sechsfachen-Mord;art199186,1864579|newspaper=Donaukurier|language=de|accessdate=9 February 2019|title=Bleibendes Rätsel um den sechsfachen Mord |date=22 April 2008|first=Bernhard|last=Rödig}}
30. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.donaukurier.de/lokales/ingolstadt/Ingolstadt-Mehrfachmord-und-Wiedersehensfreude;art599,3496254|newspaper=Donaukurier|language=de|accessdate=9 February 2019|title=Mehrfachmord und Wiedersehensfreude|date=16 August 2017|first=Michael|last=Brandl}}
31. ^{{IMDb title|1170398|Hinter Kaifeck (2009)}}
32. ^{{Cite book|title=The man from the train: the solving of a century-old serial killer mystery|first1=Bill|last1=James|first2=Rachel McCarthy|last2=James|isbn=9781476796253|location=New York|oclc=962016034|publisher=Scribner}}