1. Advantages and disadvantages

2. Patient selection

3. History & Devices

4. Procedure

5. Notable athletes

6. Recall

7. See also

8. References

  Name        = Hip resurfacing |  Image       = Hipoptions.jpg |  Caption     = BHR compared with THR |  ICD10       = |  ICD9        = 00.85-00.86 |  MeshID      = |  OPS301      = |  OtherCodes  = |  HCPCSlevel2 = 

Advantages and disadvantages

The potential advantages of hip resurfacing compared to THR include less bone removal (bone preservation), a reduced chance of hip dislocation due to a relatively larger femoral head size (given that the patient has an anatomically correct femoral head size), and easier revision surgery for any subsequent revision to a THR device because a surgeon will have more original bone stock available^[2] The potential disadvantages of hip resurfacing are femoral neck fractures (rate of 0–4%), aseptic loosening, and metal wear.^[2]

Due to the retention of the patient's complete femoral neck other advantages exist: Surgeon induced discrepancies in leg length (as could happen with THR) are now minimized. Also, the toe-in or toe-out faults that could occur interoperatively with THR are now over because the femoral neck that determines foot direction is left undisturbed with hip resurfacing.

On February 10, 2011, the U.S. FDA issued a patient advisory on metal-metal hip implants, stating it was continuing to gather and review all available information about metal-on-metal hip systems.^[2] On June 27–28, 2012, an advisory panel met to decide whether to impose new standards.^[3][4][5] No new standards, such as routine checking of blood metal ion levels, were set, but guidance was updated.^[6]

Patient selection

Patient suitability for hip resurfacing is decided by the patient's anatomy and the patient's surgeon. Hip resurfacing is generally more suitable for younger patients who are not morbidly obese, are clinically qualified for a hip replacement (determined by the doctor), have been diagnosed with noninflammatory degenerative joint disease, do not have an infection, and are not allergic to the metals used in the implant.^[7] Hip resurfacing should not be used on patients who have severe bone loss in their femoral head, those with large femoral neck cysts present (typically found at surgery) or cysts that are close to the head neck junction, or patients who have poor bone stock or osteoporosis.^[2] Caution should be used for patients who have rheumatoid arthritis, are tall, thin, or small boned,^[8] those with osteonecrosis (poor blood supply) to the femoral head, or those with femoral head cysts > 1 cm on an x-ray taken before surgery.^[9] Metal-on-metal resurfacing systems are generally unsuitable for women of child-bearing age due to unknown effects of metal ion release on the fetus.^[5] Patients with any of these conditions may not be suitable candidates for hip resurfacing.There are hip resurfacing components that have a ceramic coating on metal femoral head component and cross linked polyethylene plastic as a liner for the socket or cup area making it not metal on metal. The plastic sleeve can be replaced if needed without removing the main components.

History & Devices

Hip Resurfacing has a long history paralleling the advances of THA. Similar designs appear to have begun in the 1940s, with the first prostheses and procedures (called double-cup arthroplasty) using congruent femoral and acetabular components emerging in the 1970s. These early designs used metal-on-polyethylene bearings, and had poor results compared to THA at the time. It has since been observed that these poor results were strongly tied with polyethylene wear debris associated with the use of air-sterilised ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) at the time.^[10]

A more modern style of Hip Resurfacing emerged in the 1990s, using cobalt-chrome bearings. Clinical results using these material choice were good, prompting the popularity of resurfacing procedures to rise into the early 2000s. ^[10]

Starting around 2008, a body of research was conducted around metal-on-metal bearings in general and questioning their value, finding (for instance) failures associated with metal ions due to fretting and corrosion. In 2010, the ASR device (produced by DePuy, also a metal-on-metal resurfacing implant) was recalled, and resulted in many cases of litigation. ^[10]

It has been suggested that research in the area at the time focused on metal-on-metal bearings “as a class” and insufficiently distinguished the role of prosthesis design and surgical technique. Therefore, the current state of hip-resurfacing is an ongoing debate over material choice, implant design and surgical technique. ^[10]

According to the Australian Orthopaedic Associate National Joint Replacement Registry (AOANJRR) 2018 Annual Report, hip (total) resurfacing is overwhelmingly used for male patients (98% of total resurfacing hip replacement were for male patients), and has declined in popularity since the mid-2000s (the number of total resurfacing procedures in 2017 was 78.7% less than 2005). ^[11]

In 2006, the United States FDA approved hip resurfacing using the Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR) system,^[12] designed by British Orthopaedic surgeon Derek McMinn. All other FDA approved devices have been removed from the US Market. The BHR is no longer suggested for use in women. There are several other manufacturers of hip resurfacing systems, mainly in Europe.

Procedure

The hip resurfacing devices are metal-on-metal articulating devices which differ from total hip replacement devices because they are more bone conserving and retain the natural geometry (so-called large ball THR devices share this trait). A THR requires that the upper portion of the femur bone be cut off to accept the stem portion of a THR device. The femur cap of the hip resurfacing devices does not require the femur bone be cut off; instead the top of the femoral head is shaped to closely fit the underside of the cap. Both hip resurfacing and hip replacement require that a cup is placed in the acetabulum of the hip socket. The main advantage of the hip resurfacing surgery is that when a revision is required, there is still an intact femur bone left for a THR stem. When a THR stem requires a revision, the metal stem in the femur has to be removed and often more bone is lost in the process of removal and replacement with a larger diameter stem. Having a hip resurfacing at a younger age means that a revision will likely be easier to perform when required.^[13]

Recent studies have shown that the outcome of a hip resurfacing is dependent on surgeon experience^[14] and that proper positioning of hip resurfacing components is crucial.^[15][16] Therefore, in addition to ensuring that a proven device is used, patients should take care in selecting a surgeon with experience and a good track record.

Although formal labeling restrictions exist in some countries, including the United States, hip resurfacing may allow younger, active people to return to many activities they enjoyed prior to their hip problems,^[17][18] which is an advantage over a traditional hip arthroplasty.^[19] The large size cap and cup of the hip resurfacing devices are the same size as a person's original ball and socket and thus are less prone to dislocation.

An often forgotten but very important advantage of hip resurfacing and thereby the retention of the femoral neck is the fact that hip resurfacing has the least measurable amount of "stress shielding" when compared to any type of THR. This means that with hip resurfacing the femur's upper portion fully retains its natural mechanical characteristics under load, also ensuring less disturbance of the processes that place inside bone that is alive.

Notable athletes

There are many athletes with resurfaced hips that continue to compete at the personal and the professional level in a myriad of activities. They include:

• Kay Glenn: won the high jump at the national senior Olympics.
• Ron Noreman: on July 24, 2010, won the Masters Division of the NPC Empire States Bodybuilding Championships only five months after hip resurfacing surgery.^[20]
• Cory Foulk finished a marathon three months after his surgery, and finished 11th in the Ultraman world championship eleven months later.^[21]
• Ian MacLaren: of the Torashin Karate Club, who is believed to be the first 5th dan Karate-ka in the world to have had both hips resurfaced Slater Williams 7th Dan Shotokan Karate had both hips resurfaced 1999-2000
• Floyd Landis: the 2006 Tour de France winner (until disqualified).^[22] His procedure was performed after the Tour win.
• Joe Tierney: completed the 2011, 2012, and 2013 Syllamo's Revenge 50 mile endurance race 18, 30, and 42 months, respectively, after resurfacing surgery on his left hip. This single track course through the Ozark Mountains has been designated as "epic" by the International Mountain Bike Association.
• Ed (JovoCop) Jovanovski: NHL Player - Defense Florida Panthers. Only nine months after having the procedure, Ed returned to the NHL. He was the first athlete to return to a major professional team sport after having the procedure done.^[23]
• Chase Poulsen: Olympic Tae Kwon DO champion. Returned to training athletes only six months after the procedure.
• Colby Lewis: MLB pitcher. Seven months after having the procedure, Colby returned to baseball. He became the first player to return to MLB after hip resurfacing.^[24]
• Gene Nelson: of the Florida Aikikai (Aikido) 5th Dan. Bilateral resurfaced hips, 2005 and 2009.
• Andy Murray: British tennis player and former world No. 1. He underwent hip resurfacing surgery on 28th of January, 2019.

Recall

In August 2010, DePuy Orthopaedics, Inc., issued a voluntary recall of the ASR™ XL Acetabular System and ASR™ Hip Resurfacing System after new information from the UK National Joint Registry indicated that the number of patients who required a second hip replacement procedure, called a revision surgery, was higher than previously reported data. Potential complications include pseudotumors, metallosis, ALVAL (Aseptic Lymphocytic Vasculitis Associated Lesions), and femoral neck fracture.^[25] {{Citation needed|date=October 2011}}

See also

• Femoral neck targeting
• Minimally invasive hip resurfacing
• Total Hip Replacement

References

• {{cite journal |vauthors=Liu F, Gross TP |title=A safe zone for acetabular component position in metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty: winner of the 2012 HAP PAUL award |journal=J Arthroplasty |volume=28 |issue=7 |pages=1224–30 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23540536 |doi=10.1016/j.arth.2013.02.033 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0883-5403(13)00204-0}}
• {{cite journal |vauthors=Gross TP, Liu F |title=Current status of modern fully porous coated metal-on-metal hip resurfacing arthroplasty |journal=J Arthroplasty |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=181–5 |date=January 2014 |pmid=23680504 |doi=10.1016/j.arth.2013.04.010 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0883-5403(13)00303-3}}

• Rangers F.C. (Superleague Formula team)
• Rangers-Flyers rivalry
• Rangers (Glasgow)
• Rangers House
• Ranger's House (Wernher Collection)
• Rangers Redipuglia Baseball Club
• Rangers Reserves
• Rangers Roster
• Rangers Supporters' Trust
• Ranger Stacey
• Rangers Talca
• Ranger Station Mound
• Rangers (United States Army)
• Ranger (surname)
• Ranger Tab
• Ranger VII
• Ranger, West Virginia
• Ranger Willoughby
• Ranger,wv
• Ranger wv
• Ranger, wv
• Ranger-X
• Ranger X
• Ranger XV-770
• Range Ryder and the Calgary Kid