| 词条 | Historical definitions of races in India |
| 释义 |
Various attempts have been made, under the British Raj and since, to classify the population of India according to a racial typology. After independence, in pursuance of the government's policy to discourage distinctions between communities based on race, the 1951 Census of India did away with racial classifications. Today, the national Census of independent India does not recognize any racial groups in India.[1] Some scholars of the colonial epoch attempted to find a method to classify the various groups of India according to the predominant racial theories popular at that time in Europe. This scheme of racial classification was used by the British census of India, which was often integrated with caste system considerations. Great racesScientific racism of the late 19th and early 20th centuries divided humans into four races: Caucasoid (white), Mongoloid (yellow), Negroid (black) and Australoid. The indigenous population of India was assumed to be intermediate between Caucasoid and Australoid. Edgar Thurston{{year needed|date=February 2018}} named this type Homo Dravida and described it close to Australoids, with Caucasoid (Indo-Aryan) admixture. As evidence, he adduced the use of the boomerang by Kallar and Maravar warriors and the proficiency at tree-climbing among both the Kadirs of the Anamalai hills and the Dayaks of Borneo.[2] The "Negroid" status of the Dravidians however remained disputed. In 1898, ethnographer Friedrich Ratzel remarked about the "Mongolian features" of Dravidians, resulting in what he described as his "hypothesis of their [Dravidians] close connection with the population of Tibet", whom he adds "Tibetans may be decidedly reckoned in the Mongol race".[3] In 1899, Science summarized Ratzel's findings over India with, {{quote| "India is for the author [of the History of Mankind, Ratzel], a region where races have been broken up pulverized, kneaded by conquerors. Doubtless a pre-Dravidian negroid type came first, of low stature and mean physique, though these same are, in India, the result of poor social and economic conditions. Dravidians succeeded negroids, and there may have been Malay intrusions, but Australian affinities are denied. Then succeeded Aryan and Mongol, forming the present potporri through conquest and blending."[4]}}In 1900, anthropologist Joseph Deniker said, {{quote|the Dravidian race is connected with both the Indonesian and Australian... the Dravidian race, which it would be better to call South Indian, is prevalent among the peoples of Southern India speaking the Dravidian tongues, and also among the Kols and other people of India... The Veddhas... come much nearer to the Dravidian type, which moreover also penetrates among the populations of India, even into the middle valley of the Ganges."[5]}} Deniker groups Dravidians as a "subrace" under "Curly or Wavy Hair Dark Skin" in which he also includes the Ethiopian and Australian.[5] Also, Deniker mentions that the "Indian race has its typical representatives among the Afghans, the Rajputs, the Brahmins and most of North India but it has undergone numerous alterations as a consequence with crosses with Assyriod, Dravidian, Mongol, Turkish, Arab and other elements."[5]Carleton S. Coon, in his book The Races of Europe (1939), classified the Dravidians as Caucasoid due to their "Caucasoid skull structure" and other physical traits such as noses, eyes and hair.[6]Martial races theory{{Main|Martial race}}The martial races theory was a British ideology based on the assumption that certain peoples were more martially inclined as opposed to the general populace or other peoples.[7] The British divided the entire spectrum of Indian ethnic groups into two categories: a "martial race" and a "non-martial race". The martial race was thought of as typically brave and well built for fighting for e.g.Sikhs , Rajput, jats ,etc.[8] The non-martial races were those whom the British believed to be unfit for battle because of their sedentary lifestyle. The Indian rebellion of 1857 may have played a role in British reinforcement of the martial races theory. During this rebellion, some Indian troops, particularly in Bengal, mutinied, but the Dogras, Gurkhas, Garhwalis, Sikhs, Rajputs, Jats, Kumaonis and Pakhtuns (Pathans) did not join the mutiny and fought on the side of the British Army.[9] Modern scholars have suggested that this theory was propagated to accelerate recruitment from among these races, while discouraging enlistment of "disloyal" Indians who had sided with the rebel army during the war. This may have been because these rebellious forces were the ones that helped the British in the annexation of Punjab in the past.[10] See also
References1. ^Kumar, Jayant. Indian Census {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5Xlqrcsme?url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |date=2008-05-12 }} 2001. September 4, 2006. {{Historical definitions of race}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Historical Definitions Of Races In India}}2. ^C. Bates, 'Race, Caste and Tribes in Central India' in: The Concept of Race, ed. Robb, OUP (1995), p. 245, cited after Ajay Skaria, Shades of Wildness Tribe, Caste, and Gender in Western India, The Journal of Asian Studies (1997), p. 730. 3. ^Ratzel, Freidrich. The History of Mankind. Macmillan and Co.:New York, 1898. {{ISBN|978-81-7158-084-2}} p.358 4. ^Mason, O.T. "Scientific Books." Science Volume 10 (1899) p.21 5. ^1 2 Deniker, Joseph. The Races of Man: An Outline of Anthropology and Ethnography. Charles Scribner's and Sons: London, 1900. {{ISBN|0-8369-5932-9}} p.498 6. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=toDUP8bcauMC&pg=PA153 |title=Apart Type Screenplay - Everett C. Borders - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.ca |date= |accessdate=2013-06-25}} 7. ^Heather Streets. Martial Races: The military, race and masculinity in British Imperial Culture, 1857-1914 8. ^Rand,Gavin. Martial Races and Imperial Subjects: Violence and Governance in Colonial India 1857–1914. European Review of History. 9. ^{{Cite journal|last=Tinker|first=Hugh|date=January 1958|title=1857 and 1957: the Mutiny and Modern India|url=https://academic.oup.com/ia/article-abstract/34/1/57/2699376?redirectedFrom=fulltext|journal=International Affairs|volume=34|issue=1|pages=57–65|doi=10.2307/2605867|issn=1468-2346}} 10. ^Country Studies: Pakistan - Library of Congress 5 : Historical definitions of race|British Empire|Demographic history of India|Indigenous peoples of South Asia|Scientific racism |
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