词条 | History of rail transport in Great Britain 1995 to date | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
The period from 1995 covers the history of rail transport in Great Britain following the privatisation of British Rail. During this period, passenger volumes have grown rapidly,[1] safety has improved,[2][3] and subsidies per journey have fallen. However, there is debate as to whether this is due to privatisation or to better government regulation. See impact of privatisation for more information. During this period, High Speed 1 and the West Coast Main Line upgrade were completed and more construction projects are currently under way. Overall rail subsidies have risen, as shown in the graph, although spend per journey has decreased. Rail subsidies have increased from £{{Inflation|UK|2.2|2011|r=1|cursign=£}}bn in 1992–93 to £{{Inflation|UK|3.2|2015|r=1|cursign=£}}bn in 2015–16 (in current prices), although subsidy per journey has fallen from £{{Inflation|UK|2.97|2011|r=2|cursign=£}} to £{{Inflation|UK|1.86|2015|r=2|cursign=£}}.[5][5] However, this masks great regional variation: for instance, in 2014–15 funding varied from "£1.41 per passenger journey in England to £6.51 per journey in Scotland and £8.34 per journey in Wales."[5] Due to the increase in passenger numbers and the prospect of high speed rail both within Great Britain and connecting to Europe, this period has been called the start of a new Golden Age of rail travel.[6][7] However quickly increasing passenger numbers have meant many trains are very crowded at peak times.[8] Peak-time fares have increased by over 200% (since privatisation) to deter people from travelling at these times,[9] whereas the price of advance tickets has halved in the same period.[10] Government policyReform under the Labour government (1997–2010)The Labour government (elected in 1997 after the majority of the privatisation process had been completed) did not completely reverse the railway privatisation of the previous administration. Initially it left the new structure largely in place, however its main innovation in the early years was the creation of the Strategic Rail Authority (SRA), initially in shadow form until the Transport Act 2000 received Royal Assent, as well as the appointment of Tom Winsor as Rail Regulator, who took a much harder line with the rail industry, and Railtrack in particular.[12] In the wake of the Hatfield rail crash in 2000, Railtrack entered into financial meltdown and the industry was in deep crisis. Labour refused to continue to bail out Railtrack and the company was put into Railway Administration in 2001 and a new company, Network Rail emerged to replace Railtrack in 2002. Since September 2014, Network Rail has been classified as a "government body".[13][14] The Strategic Rail Authority lasted just five years. Following the passing of the Railways Act 2005, its business was wound up and its functions transferred to the Department for Transport Rail Group and the Office for Rail Regulation.[15] Further changes followed, which saw the government take back a greater degree of control. Another important development occurred in the aftermath of the Potters Bar accident in May 2002 when a commuter train derailed (coincidentally on the same stretch of the East Coast Main Line as Hatfield) due to poorly maintained points. This resulted in Network Rail taking all track maintenance back in house and the industry went on to enjoy the longest period in modern times without a fatal accident due to industry error. This came to an end in February 2007 when a Virgin Pendolino derailed near Grayrigg in Cumbria, killing one person. The cause of the accident was identical to that in Potters Bar nearly five years earlier – once again calling into question Network Rail's maintenance procedures. In 2007, the government's preferred option was to use diesel trains running on biodiesel, its White Paper Delivering a Sustainable Railway,[16] ruling out large-scale Railway electrification in Great Britain for the following five years. Following Gordon Brown's appointment as Prime Minister in 2007, Andrew Adonis was appointed Transport Secretary. He immediately began work on plans for a new high-speed route between London and Birmingham (later known as High Speed 2), which would augment the West Coast Main Line. Adonis also announced plans to electrify the Great Western Main Line from London as far as Swansea, as well as infill electrification schemes in the North West of England to remove diesel traction from certain key routes. Late in 2009, the InterCity East Coast franchise collapsed for the second time in three years when incumbent operator National Express East Coast (NXEC) proved unable to meet its financial obligations. Adonis transferred the franchise to the state-owned Directly Operated Railways to operate the route under its East Coast subsidiary. Reform under the Coalition government (2010–2015)After the 2010 General Election, the new Conservative led Coalition continued Labour's rail policies largely unaltered after a pause to review the finances. There was continuing support for the High Speed 2 scheme and further developing plans for the route, although great debate still rages over the scheme's benefits and costs. Whilst initially showing scepticism towards the electrification schemes of the Great Western route, they later gave the project its backing and work began formally in 2012. Plans were also mooted to electrify the remainder of the Midland Main Line. In 2012, the franchising system again came under criticism when FirstGroup successfully ousted Virgin Trains as operator of the InterCity West Coast franchise. Virgin initially pursued a judicial review against the decision, citing the fact that First's bid was even more ambitious than the one which had scuttled National Express East Coast less than three years earlier. Before the review took place however, newly installed Transport Secretary Patrick McLoughlin scrapped the entire bidding process for the franchise and granted Virgin an extension to its contract when "severe technical flaws" were discovered in the original bidding competition. The Conservative government (2015–present){{main|2016–18 United Kingdom rail strikes}}The Government has moved towards allowing more competition on the intercity network through open access operators. In 2015 it approved a service run by Alliance Rail to operate between London and Blackpool, and in 2016 it allowed FirstGroup to run open access services on the East Coast Main Line from 2021 under the operating name East Coast Trains.[17][18] Much debate continues over annual fare increases, although the government has now pledged to keep regulated rail fare increases at Retail Prices Index (RPI) inflation for the remainder of this Parliament.[19] In addition much debate has continued over the financing of various rail schemes driven primarily by the huge cost and time overrun on the GWML route modernisation and electrification scheme. In connection with this, and to coincide with the Chancellor's Autumn statement in November 2015, the Bowe and Hendy reports were produced.[20][21] In March 2016, the National Infrastructure Commission said that Crossrail 2 should be taken forward "as a priority" and recommended that a bill should pass through Parliament by 2019 and the line should be open by 2033.[22] Crossrail 2 is a North-South railway through London, similar to the East-West railway Crossrail which is currently under construction. Since April 2016, the British railway network has been severely disrupted on many occasions by wide-reaching rail strikes, affecting rail franchises across the country.[23] The industrial action began on Southern services as a dispute over the planned introduction of driver-only operation,[24] and has since expanded to cover many different issues affecting the rail industry;[23] as of February 2018, the majority of the industrial action remains unresolved, with further strikes planned.[25] The scale, impact and bitterness of the nationwide rail strikes have been compared to the 1984–85 miners' strike by the media. In July 2017, Chris Grayling, the secretary of state for transport announced a number of electrification schemes were to be suspended indefinitely citing the disruptive nature of electrification works and the availability of bi-mode technology. The schemes included aspects of the GWML including Cardiff to Swansea, the Midland Mainline from Kettering to Sheffield via Derby and Nottingham and Oxenholme to Windermere in the Lake District.[26] In February 2018, the five-year plan was published by Network Rail with significant investment though much of this was for renewals and smaller projects rather than major projects.[27][28] In March 2019 the Railway Industry Association published a paper Electrification Cost Challenge.[29] Infrastructure projectsCompleted projectsThe British railway system continues to be developed. Contemporary projects include:
England
Scotland
Wales
Current developments
Timeline of improvements2015
2016
2017
2018
2019Dates after {{#time:F}} 2019 are plans, not events, and are subject to extensive revision.
2020
2021
2022
2024
Present locomotives and rolling stockDiesel locomotives
Electric locomotives
a BR Class 73 and 88 are electro-diesel locomotives which allow both electrified and non electrified route workings. Diesel multiple units
AC electric multiple units
Dual AC/DC electric multiple units
DC electric multiple units
Bi-mode diesel/electric multiple units
Coaches
Future rolling stock
See also
References
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The Courier|publisher=}} 76. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/gwr-launches-class-802s-in-service|title=GWR launches Class 802s in service|website=www.railmagazine.com}} 77. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/fleet/main-line-testing-of-new-tpe-mk-5as-under-way|title=Main line testing of new TPE Mk 5As under way|website=www.railmagazine.com}} 78. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/new-great-northern-class-717-carries-first-passengers |title=New Great Northern Class 717 carries first passengers}} 79. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.networkrail.co.uk/feeds/first-electric-train-for-stirling-dunblane-alloa-line/ |title= First electric train for Stirling-Dunblane-Alloa line}} 80. ^{{cite web |url=https://cdn.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Enhancements-Delivery-Plan.pdf |title=Network Rail Enhancements Delivery Plan |page=98 |access-date=31 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051426/https://cdn.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Enhancements-Delivery-Plan.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2017 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 81. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/news/17299332.video-watch-first-successful-electric-train-tests-through-bolton/|title=VIDEO: Watch first successful electric train tests through Bolton|website=The Bolton News|language=en|access-date=2 January 2019}} 82. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.networkrail.co.uk/feeds/next-three-saturdays-buses-replace-trains-between-wigan-and-manchester-as-engineers-upgrade-the-railway/ |title=Next three Saturdays: buses replace trains between Wigan and Manchester as engineers upgrade the railway}} 83. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://cdn.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Anglia-Route-Strategic-Plan.pdf |title= Network Rail: Anglia Route Strategic Plan |page=43}} 84. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-derbyshire-37031833 Bombardier gets £1bn contract in biggest rail boost since Victorian era] BBC News 10 August 2016 85. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.networkrail.co.uk/feeds/first-mast-up-on-shotts-line-electrification-project/ |title=First mast up on Shotts Line electrification project}} 86. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.networkrailmediacentre.co.uk/news/walsall-to-rugeley-electrification-goes-live |title=‘Stay off the railway’ warning as Walsall to Rugeley line is electrified |date= 12 November 2018 }} 87. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-35725299 |title=Pacers: The train that the UK has struggled to get rid of}} 88. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/nov/23/thameslink-rail-completion-delayed-london-december-2019 |title=Completion of London's Thameslink rail project delayed until December 2019}} 89. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.globalairrail.com/news/entry/gwr-will-soon-operate-heathrow-express |title=GWR will soon operate Heathrow Express}} 90. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/Rail-News/heavy-delays-to-new-trains-forces-tfl-to-bring-in-temporary-replacements-on-london-overground?dorewrite=false|title=Heavy delays to new trains forces TfL to bring in temporary replacements on London Overground}} 91. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/travel/refurbished-portsmouth-trains-will-not-be-ready-until-late-february-south-western-railway-says-1-8782064|title=Refurbished Portsmouth trains will not be ready until late February, South Western Railway says|language=en}} 92. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/date-for-lner-s-azuma-introduction-reset-to-2019|title=Date for LNER’s Azuma introduction reset to 2019|website=Railmagazine.com|accessdate=29 October 2017}} 93. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-45367990|title=Crossrail to miss December opening date|date=31 August 2018|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}} 94. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.railjournal.com/index.php/rolling-stock/caf-begins-production-of-new-trains-for-northern.html?channel=529 |title=CAF begins production of new trains for Northern}} 95. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.thewestmorlandgazette.co.uk/news/17362038.new-trains-on-lakes-and-furness-lines-welcomed-by-rail-user-groups/|title=New trains on Lakes and Furness lines welcomed by rail user groups|website=The Westmorland Gazette|accessdate=27 March 2019}} 96. ^{{cite web|title=FIRST PICTURE: TransPennine Express Class 397 takes shape in Spain|url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/first-picture-transpennine-express-class-397-takes-shape-in-spain|accessdate=31 December 2017}} 97. ^{{cite web|url=http://vivarail.co.uk/vivarail-official-statement-marston-vale-line/|title=Vivarail official statement - Marston Vale line - Vivarail|date=30 October 2018|publisher=}} 98. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/exclusive-northern-to-introduce-converted-bi-modes-next-year |title=EXCLUSIVE: Northern to introduce converted bi-modes next year}} 99. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.railmagazine.com/news/network/bombardier-wins-895-million-south-western-aventra-contract |title=Bombardier wins South Western Aventra contract |last=Clinnick |first=Richard |date=20 June 2017 |website=Rail Magazine |publisher= |access-date=23 August 2017 |quote=}} 100. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nwemail.co.uk/news/national/16953377.new-hotel-style-caledonian-sleeper-carriages-delayed-to-spring-2019/ |title=New hotel-style Caledonian Sleeper carriages delayed to spring 2019}} 101. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.newcivilengineer.com/latest/great-western-electrification-to-cardiff-delayed/10033116.article|title=Great Western electrification to Cardiff delayed | News|website=New Civil Engineer|accessdate=27 March 2019}} 102. ^{{cite web|title=Merseytravel names five international bidders in new fleet and depot shortlist|url=http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/Rail-News/merseytravel-names-five-international-bidders-in-new-fleet-and-depot-shortlist|website=Rail Technology Magazine|publisher=Rail Technology Magazine|accessdate=16 December 2016}} 103. ^{{cite web|last1=Jones|first1=Tamlyn|title=Over 100 new trains West Midlands trains - with wi-fi and speeds up to 110mph|url=http://www.birminghampost.co.uk/business/manufacturing/680m-new-investment-west-midlands-13772099|website=Birmingham Post|publisher=Birmingham Post|accessdate=19 October 2017}} 104. ^{{cite web |url=https://cdn.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Enhancements-Delivery-Plan.pdf |title=Network Rail Enhancements Delivery Plan |page=36 |access-date=31 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051426/https://cdn.networkrail.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Enhancements-Delivery-Plan.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2017 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} 105. ^[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-36273407 First Group to run Edinburgh to London budget rail service] BBC News 12 May 2016 106. ^VTEC and FirstGroup granted East Coast Main Line paths Railway Gazette International 12 May 2016 107. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.c2c-online.co.uk/about-us/press-releases/c2c-signs-major-deal-for-brand-new-british-trains/ |title=c2c Signs major deal for brand-new British trains}} 108. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/infrastructure/single-view/view/trans-pennine-and-midland-mainline-electrification-by-2023-as-work-unpaused.html |title=Trans-Pennine and Midland Main Line electrification by 2023 as work unpaused}} 109. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/traction-rolling-stock/single-view/view/caf-to-supply-wales-borders-regional-train-fleet.html|title=CAF to supply Wales & Borders regional train fleet|first=DVV Media International|last=Ltd|publisher=}} 110. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.stadlerrail.com/en/meta/news-media/article/stadler-named-preferred-bidder-supply-71-trains-wales-borders/|title=Stadler is Named Preferred Bidder to Supply 71 trains for Wales & Borders|publisher=}} 111. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.railtechnologymagazine.com/Rail-News/chancellor-accepts-east-west-rail-targets-and-strengthens-plans-with-extra-cash|title=Chancellor accepts East West Rail targets and strengthens plans with extra cash|website=www.railtechnologymagazine.com}} 112. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/news/transport/1-8-billion-network-rail-deal-to-see-faster-trains-with-more-capacity-between-peterborough-and-london-king-s-cross-1-8624602|title=£1.8 billion Network Rail deal to see faster trains with more capacity between Peterborough and London King's Cross|publisher=}} External links{{Commons category|Rail transport in the United Kingdom}}{{GB-rail-history}} 1 : History of rail transport in Great Britain |
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