| 释义 |
- Early history
- Precolonial history
- Arrival of Europeans and early settlement
- 1848 gold rush
- Paris of the West
- Corruption and graft trials
- 1906 earthquake and fire
- Reconstruction "Greater San Francisco" movement of 1912
- Panama–Pacific Exposition of 1915
- 1930s – World War II
- Post-World War II Urban renewal
- 1960 – 1970s "Summer of Love" and counterculture movement Rise of the "Gay Mecca" New public infrastructure
- 1980s 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
- 1990s Dot-com boom
- 2000s
- 2010s
- Historic populations
- See also
- Notes
- Further reading Surveys Cultural themes Earthquake, infrastructure & environment Ethnicity & race Gold rush & early days Politics Social and ethnic
- External links
{{more citations needed|date=September 2015}}{{California history sidebar}}The history of the city of San Francisco, California, and its development as a center of maritime trade, were shaped by its location at the entrance to a large natural harbor. San Francisco is the name of both the city and the county; the two share the same boundaries. Only lightly settled by European-Americans at first, after becoming the base for the gold rush of 1849, the city quickly became the largest and most important population, commercial, naval, and financial center in the American West. San Francisco was devastated by a great earthquake and fire in 1906 but was quickly rebuilt. The San Francisco Federal Reserve Branch opened in 1914, and the city continued to develop as a major business city throughout the first half of the 20th century. Starting in the latter half of the 1960s, San Francisco became the city most famous for the hippie movement. In recent decades, San Francisco has become an important center of finance and technology. The high demand for housing, driven by its proximity to Silicon Valley, and the low supply of available housing has led to the city being one of America's most expensive places to live. San Francisco is currently ranked ninth on the Global Financial Centres Index.[1] Early history The earliest evidence of human habitation in what is now the city of San Francisco dates to 3000 BC. Native Americans who settled in this region found the bay to be a resource for hunting and gathering, leading to the establishment of many small villages. Collectively, these early Native Americans are now known as the Ohlone, and the language they spoke belonged to the Miwok family. Their trade patterns included places as far away as Baja California, the Mojave Desert and Yosemite.[2] The earliest Europeans to reach the site of San Francisco were a Spanish exploratory party in 1769, led overland from Mexico by Don Gaspar de Portolà and Fra. Juan Crespi. The Spanish recognized the location, with its large natural harbor, to be of great strategic significance. A subsequent expedition, led by Juan Bautista de Anza, selected sites for military and religious settlements in 1774. The Presidio of San Francisco was established for the military, while Mission San Francisco de Asís began the cultural and religious conversion of some 10,000 Ohlone who lived in the area.[3] The mission became known as Mission Dolores, because of its nearness to a creek named after Our Lady of Sorrows. The first anchorage was established at a small inlet on the north-east end of the peninsula (later filled: now lower Market Street), and the small settlement that grew up nearby was named Yerba Buena, after the herb of the same name that grew in abundance there. The original plaza of the Spanish settlement remains as Portsmouth Square. Today's city took its name from the mission, and Yerba Buena became the name of a San Francisco neighborhood now known as South of Market. The Moscone Center and Yerba Buena Gardens are in the Yerba Buena area. In addition, the name Yerba Buena was applied to the former Goat Island in the middle of San Francisco Bay, adjacent to Treasure Island.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} San Francisco became part of the United States with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. Precolonial history European visitors to the San Francisco Bay Area were preceded at least 8,000 years earlier by Native Americans. According to one anthropologist, the indigenous name for San Francisco was Ahwaste, meaning, "place at the bay".[4] Linguistic and paleontological evidence is unclear as to whether the earliest inhabitants of the area now known as San Francisco were the ancestors of the Ohlone population encountered by the Spanish in the late 18th century.[5] The cultural unit, Ohlone, to which the San Francisco natives belonged did not recognize the city or county boundaries imposed later by Americans, and were part of a contiguous set of bands that lived from south of the Golden Gate to San José.[5]When the Spanish arrived, they found the area inhabited by the Yelamu tribe, which belongs to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. The Ohlone speakers are distinct from Pomo speakers north of the San Francisco Bay, and are part of the Miwok group of languages. Their traditional territory stretched from Big Sur to the San Francisco Bay, although their trading area was much larger. Miwok-speaking Indians also lived in Yosemite, and Ohlone-speakers intermarried with Chumash and Pomo speakers as well.[5] The Spanish conquest of the San Francisco Bay area came later than to Southern California. San Francisco's characteristic foggy weather and geography led early European explorers such as Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo to bypass the Golden Gate and miss entering San Francisco Bay, although it seems clear from historical accounts of navigation that they passed close to the coastline north and south of the Golden Gate.[6] Arrival of Europeans and early settlement A Spanish exploration party, led by Portolà and arriving on November 2, 1769, was the first documented European sighting of San Francisco Bay. Portolà claimed the area for Spain as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain.[7] Seven years later a Spanish mission, Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores), was established by Fra. Junípero Serra, and a military fort was built, the Presidio of San Francisco.[8][9] |title=Trading Floor's Final Day At Pacific Stock Exchange |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/26/business/trading-floor-s-final-day-at-pacific-stock-exchange.html | work=The New York Times by Reuters |location= |date=May 26, 2001 |page=|access-date=April 5, 2017}}
23. ^{{cite web |title=San Francisco Cemeteries |url=http://www.sanfranciscocemeteries.com |accessdate=July 12, 2005 }}
24. ^{{cite web|last=Waldorf|first=Delores|title=S.F. Labor's First Fight For 10-Hour Day|url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist8/earlylabor.html|publisher=Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco|accessdate=4 June 2013}}
25. ^1 2 3 {{cite book | title=The System | first=Frank |last=Hichborn |url=https://books.google.com/?id=EwgqAAAAYAAJ |year=1915 |location=San Francisco |publisher=The James H. Barry Company|accessdate=June 6, 2013}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=Abe Ruef – America's Most Erudite City Boss|url=http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/ruef.html|publisher=Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco|accessdate=31 May 2013}}
27. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|last=Carlsson|first=Chris|title=Abe Ruef and the Union Labor Party|url=http://foundsf.org/index.php?title=Abe_Ruef_and_the_Union_Labor_Party|publisher=Clover Leaf Media|accessdate=June 4, 2013}}
28. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Ladd|first=Thomas|title=Arming Goons: Mayor Phelan Arms the Strikebreakers in the 1901 City Front Strike|url=http://userwww.sfsu.edu/epf/journal_archive/volume_XVI,_2007/ladd_t.pdf|journal=Ex Post Facto|accessdate=4 June 2013|volume=XVI|number=2006-2007}}
29. ^{{cite news|title=Mayor Schmitz Found Guilty|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1907/06/14/101726325.pdf|accessdate=22 June 2013|newspaper=New York Times|date=13 June 1907}}
30. ^{{Citation | last =Thomas | first = Gordon | last2 =Witts| first2 =Max Morgan| title = The San Francisco Earthquake | place= New York, London | publisher =Stein and Day, Souvenir Press, Dell | year =1971 | isbn=978-0-8128-1360-9}}
31. ^{{cite journal |last=Dolan |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=Plague in San Francisco (1900) |journal=Public Health Reports |volume=121 |pages=16–37 |url=http://www.publichealthreports.org/userfiles/121_SUP-HC/121SUP016.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331201940/http://www.publichealthreports.org/userfiles/121_SUP-HC/121SUP016.pdf |archivedate=March 31, 2016 |accessdate=October 6, 2017}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalaffairs.com/doclib/20080709_19991377isregionalgovernmenttheanswerfredsiegel.pdf|title=Is Regional Government the Answer?|publisher=The Public Interest|date=Fall 1999|author=Fred Siegel}}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
33. ^The San Francisco Bay Area—a Metropolis in Perspective by Mel Scott Berkeley:1985 University of California Press—See chapter 9—"The Greater San Francisco Movement" Pages 133–148 [https://books.google.com/books?id=DAavqoBhBakC&pg=PP2&lpg=PP2&dq=%22The+San+Francisco+Bay+Area—A+Metropolis+in+Perspective%22&source=bl&ots=JFkyGzrY3W&sig=eIXhO5Z7TNuuoD3-hPY0Zsoje3U&hl=en&ei=KtJbS-S8CYS4swOLnsmZAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CBcQ6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=Greater%20San%20Francisco%20Movement&f=false Google Books Result: The San Francisco Bay Area—a Metropolis in Perspective by Mel Scott Berkeley:1985 University of California Press—Greater San Francisco Movement:]
34. ^{{cite book |author=Berube, Allan |title=Coming Out Under Fire The History of Gay Men and Women in World War Two |publisher=Free Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-7432-1071-3}}
35. ^{{citation url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/182051/san-francisco-metro-area-ranks-highest-lgbt-percentage.aspx |title=San Francisco Metro Area Ranks Highest in LGBT Percentage |date=March 20, 2015 |work=Gallup }}
36. ^{{cite web |title = A Killer Dies, a Mystery Lingers |url = http://www.sfweekly.com/2000-09-06/news/a-killer-dies-a-mystery-lingers/ |publisher = San Francisco Weekly |author = Lisa Davis |date = 6 Sep 2000 }}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/06075.html|title=San Francisco County QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau|work=census.gov}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/06/22/MNG6HJIDMM1.DTL|title=RICH CITY POOR CITY / Middle-class neighborhoods are disappearing from the nation's cities, leaving only high- and low-income districts, new study says|work=SFGate|date=2006-06-22}}
39. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sfgov.org/site/uploadedfiles/moed/economic_strat/ExecutiveSummary_EconomicPerformanceReview.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-06-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710072642/http://www.sfgov.org/site/uploadedfiles/moed/economic_strat/ExecutiveSummary_EconomicPerformanceReview.pdf |archivedate=2007-07-10 |df= }}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/10/07/BA6Q1A1V5H.DTL|title=S.F. sets tougher deadlines for condo tower fee|work=SFGate|date=2009-10-07}}
41. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/11/04/MNM51G6DMS.DTL | work=The San Francisco Chronicle | first1=Kevin | last1=Fagan | first2=Justin | last2=Berton | first3=Demian | last3=Bulwa | title=Hundreds of thousands pack Giants parade route | date=June 27, 2011}}
42. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.sfgate.com/giants/article/San-Francisco-gets-tough-on-Giants-rioters-3994746.php | work=The San Francisco Chronicle | title=San Francisco gets tough on Giants rioters | first=Vivian | last=Ho | date=October 31, 2012}}
43. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2012/10/29/san-francisco-riot/1665303/ | work=USA Today | first1=Elizabeth | last1=Weise | title=Giants win in World Series spawns riot in San Francisco | date=October 29, 2012}}
44. ^{{Citation| last1 = Capperis| first1 = Sean| last2 = Gould Ellen| first2 = Ingrid| last3 = Karfunkel| first3 = Brian| title = Renting in America's Largest Cities| pages = 40| location = NYU Furman Center| date = 28 May 2015| url = http://furmancenter.org/files/CapOneNYUFurmanCenter__NationalRentalLandscape_MAY2015.pdf}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/20/474969107/san-francisco-requires-new-buildings-to-install-solar-panels|title=San Francisco Requires New Buildings To Install Solar Panels|publisher=}}
46. ^1850 census was lost in fire. This is the figure for 1852 California Census.
47. ^1940 Census. Population Report. Vol. 1. p. 32-33
48. ^{{cite web |url=http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn68.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-05-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503200734/http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn68.html |archivedate=2011-05-03 |df= }}
Further reading {{see also|Timeline of San Francisco#Bibliography}} Surveys - Barth, Gunther Paul. Instant cities: Urbanization and the rise of San Francisco and Denver (Oxford University Press, 1975)
- Issel, William, and Robert W. Cherny. San Francisco, 1865–1932: Politics, Power, and Urban Development (U of California Press, 1986)
- Richards, Rand. Historic San Francisco: A Concise History and Guide (2007) [https://www.amazon.com/Historic-San-Francisco-Concise-History/dp/187936705X/ excerpt]
- Solnit, Rebecca. Infinite City: A San Francisco Atlas (University of California Press, 2010). 144 pp. {{ISBN|978-0-520-26250-8}}; [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=34658 online review]
- Starr, Kevin. Americans and the California Dream, 1850–1915 (1973); Starr's multivolume history of the state has extensive coverage of the city's politics, culture and economy
Cultural themes - Berglund, Barbara. Making San Francisco American: Cultural Frontiers in the Urban West, 1846–1906 (2007)
- {{ cite book | title=Literary San Francisco: A pictorial history from its beginnings to the present day | author=Ferlinghetti, Lawrence | isbn=978-0-06-250325-1 | year=1980 | publisher=Harper & Row | oclc=6683688 }}
- {{cite book | year= 1978 | publisher=Harper Collins | title=Tales of the City | author=Maupin, Armistead | isbn=978-0-06-096404-7 | oclc= 29847673 }}
- Sinclair, Mick. San Francisco: A Cultural and Literary History (2003)
Earthquake, infrastructure & environment - {{cite book | author=Bronson, William | title=The Earth Shook, the Sky Burned | publisher=Chronicle Books |year=2006 | isbn=978-0-8118-5047-6 | oclc=65223734 }}
- {{cite book | year= 1987 | publisher=Square Books | title=Spanning the Gate | author=Cassady, Stephen | isbn=978-0-916290-36-8 | oclc= 15229396 }}
- Davies, Andrea Rees. Saving San Francisco: Relief and Recovery after the 1906 Disaster (2011)
- {{cite book | year= 1998 | publisher=Celestial Arts (Reissue edition) | title=High Steel: Building the Bridges Across San Francisco Bay | author=Dillon, Richard H. | isbn=978-0-88029-428-7 | oclc= 22719465 }}
- Dreyfus, Philip J. Our Better Nature: Environment and the Making of San Francisco (2009)
- Franklin, Philip. The Great Earthquake and Firestorms of 1906: How San Francisco Nearly Destroyed Itself (2006)
- {{cite book | year= 1971 | publisher=Stein and Day | title=The San Francisco Earthquake |author1=Thomas, Gordon |author2=Witts, Max Morgan| isbn=978-0-8128-1360-9 | oclc= 154735 }}
Ethnicity & race - Broussard, Albert S. Black San Francisco: The Struggle for Racial Equality in the West, 1900–1954 (1994)
- Burchell, R. A. The San Francisco Irish, 1848–1880 (1980)
- Chen, Yong. Chinese San Francisco, 1850–1943: A Trans-Pacific Community (2002)
- Cordova, Cary. The Heart of the Mission: Latino Art and Politics in San Francisco (2017), 320 pp.
- Daniels, Douglas Henry. Pioneer urbanites: A social and cultural history of black San Francisco (U of California Press, 1980)
- Garibaldi, Rayna, and Bernadette C. Hooper. Catholics of San Francisco (2008)
- Gribble, Richard. An Archbishop for the People: The Life of Edward J. Hanna (2006), the Catholic archbishop (1915–1935)
- Rosenbaum, Fred. Cosmopolitans: A Social and Cultural History of the Jews of the San Francisco Bay Area (2011)
- Yung, Judy. Unbound Feet: A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco (1995)
Gold rush & early days - Hittell, John S. A history of the city of San Francisco and incidentally of the State of California (1878), 498pp; famous classic [https://books.google.com/books?id=E3vOnKUx1_gC online edition]
- {{cite book | year= 1997 | publisher=University of Illinois Press | title=San Francisco, 1846 – 1856: From Hamlet to City | author=Lotchin, Roger W. | isbn=978-0-252-06631-3 | oclc= 35650934 }}
- Richards, Rand. Mud, Blood, and Gold: San Francisco in 1849 (2008)
Politics - Agee, Christopher Lowen. The Streets of San Francisco: Policing and the Creation of a Cosmopolitan Liberal Politics, 1950–1972 (2014)
- Bean, Walton. Boss Rueff's San Francisco: The Story of the Union Labor Party, Big Business, and the Graft Prosecution (1967)
- Carlsson, Chris, and LisaRuth Elliott. Ten Years That Shook the City: San Francisco 1968–1978 (2011)
- DeLeon, Richard E. Left Coast City: Progressive Politics in San Francisco, 1975–1991 (1992)
- Ethington, Philip J. The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850–1900 (2001)
- {{cite book | year=2002 | publisher=University of California Press | title=City for Sale: The Transformation of San Francisco | author=Hartman, Chester | isbn=978-0-520-08605-0 | oclc=48579085 }}
- Kahn, Judd. Imperial San Francisco: Politics and Planning in an American City, 1897–1906 (U of Nebraska Press, 1979)
- Issel, William. Church and State in the City: Catholics and Politics in Twentieth-Century San Francisco (Temple University Press, 2013) 325 pp.
- Kazin, Michael. Barons of Labor: The San Francisco Building Trades and Union Power in the Progressive Era (1988)
- Saxton, Alexander. "San Francisco labor and the populist and progressive insurgencies." Pacific Historical Review (1965): 421-438. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3636353 Online].
Social and ethnic - {{cite book | year= 1989 | publisher=Dorset Press | title=The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld | author=Asbury, Hubert | isbn=978-0-88029-428-7 | oclc= 22719465 }}
- Lotchin, Roger W. The Bad City in the Good War: San Francisco, Los Angeles, Oakland, and San Diego (2003)
- McDonald, Terrence J. The Parameters of Urban Fiscal Policy: Socioeconomic Change and Political Culture in San Francisco, 1860–1906 (1987)
External links {{Sisterlinks|San Francisco}}- History of Yerba Buena's Renaming, from San Francisco History Podcast
- Shaping San Francisco, the lost history of San Francisco
- Found SF wiki project
- Historic Pictures of 19th Century San Francisco, from the Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
- Historic San Francisco photographs, including the 1906 Earthquake and Fire, by JB Monaco, a local photographer during that period
- [https://archive.org/movies/movieslisting-browse.php?collection=prelinger&cat=San%20Francisco Videos of San Francisco from the Prelinger Collection at archive.org]
- [https://archive.org/movies/movieslisting-browse.php?collection=shaping_sf Videos of San Francisco from the Shaping San Francisco collection at archive.org]
- San Francisco Then and Now – extensive slideshow by Life magazine
- {{YouTube|LvwHmGaofiU|Across From City Hall}} video on the "Camp Agnos" era at Civic Center Plaza
- These coders used 13,000 old photos to make a Google Street View map of San Francisco in the 1800s—Business Insider (August 28, 2016)
{{San Francisco}}{{California history}} 2 : History of San Francisco|Histories of cities in California |