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词条 History of the Jews in Pakistan
释义

  1. History

     Middle ages  Colonial era (1842-1947)  Post-independence  1947-1970  1971–present 

  2. Prominent people

  3. Lifestyle

     Antisemitism  Mewa Shah Graveyard 

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Sources

  7. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}{{Jews and Judaism sidebar |Population}}

The history of Jews in Pakistan dates at least as far back as 1839.[1][2] Various estimates suggest that there were about 1,000 Jews to 2,500 living in Karachi at the beginning of the twentieth century, mostly Bene Israel Jews from Maharashtra, India.[3][4] A substantial community lived in Rawalpindi.[1] A smaller community of Jews also lived in Peshawar. The Bene Israel Jews from Maharashtra were concentrated in Karachi.[5]

Today, the majority of Bene Israel Jews live in Israel, India, Canada and the United States, while modern-day Pakistan continues to host a modest Jewish population. According to the National Database and Registration Authority, there are 745 registered Jewish families in Pakistan.[6]

History

Middle ages

A community of Jews fleeing persecution in Mashhad, Persia, settled in Rawalpindi in the Punjab in 1839. The elaborate early 20th century synagogue they built still stands on Nishtar Street in Rawalpindi's Babu Mohallah neighborhood, between the Bohra Mosque and a large and elaborate Victorian era church.[1]

Colonial era (1842-1947)

According to the 1881 census, there were 153 Jews in Sindh province.[7] In the Sindh Gazetteer of 1907,[8] Edward Hamilton Aitken mentions that according to the 1901 census, the total population of Jews [in Sindh] was 482 and almost all of them lived in Karachi.[9] By 1919, this figure had risen to about 650.[10] By 1947, there were about 1,500 Jews living in Sindh with the majority residing in Karachi. Most of these Jews were Bene Israel and they lived as tradesmen, artisans, poets, philosophers and civil servants.[11]

In 1911, Jews constituted 0.3 percent of Karachi’s population and at the time of independence from the British Empire their number had reached 2,500.[12] In her 1947 book ‘Malika-e-Mashriq’ (Queen of the East), Mehmooda Rizwiya has written about the Jewish presence in Karachi.[9] Jews used to live in Karachi.[13][14] In a paper titled "Karachi Ke Yahudi” (Karachi's Jews), Gul Hasan Kalmatti indicates that Jews arrived in Karachi from Maharashtra in the 19th century.[15][16]

A variety of associations existed to serve the Jewish community in Pakistan, including:

  • Magain Shalome Synagogue

Built in 1893 near Ranchore Line,[17] by Solomon David Umerdekar and his son Gershone Solomon. Other accounts suggest that it was built by Shalom Solomon, a surveyor for the Karachi Municipal Committee and his wife Shegula-bai. The synagogue soon became the center of a small but vibrant Jewish community. A member of this Synagogue, Abraham Reuben Kamarlekar, became a councilor in the Karachi City Corporation in 1936.

  • Young Man's Jewish Association

Founded in 1903 and whose aim was to encourage sports as well as religious and social activities of the Bene Israel in Karachi.

  • Karachi Bene Israel Relief Fund

Established to support poor Jews in Karachi.

  • Karachi Jewish Syndicate

Formed in 1918 and whose aim was to provide homes to poor Jews at reasonable rent fees.

Post-independence

1947-1970

Leading up to the time of the Partition of India,[18] some 1300 Jews remained in Karachi, most of them Bene Israel Jews observing Sephardic Jewish rites.[19] The first real exodus of Jewish refugees from British India to Bombay and other cities in India came just prior to the creation of Israel in 1948 when Jew hatred spread to Pakistan.[20] When Israel came into being in 1948, many Jews fled as refugees to Israel via India or to several Commonwealth countries again via India, and after the Arab-Israel war a majority of them had left Karachi.[21] By 1953, fewer than 500 Jews were reported to be in all of Pakistan.[22]

1971–present

Magain Shalome, the Bene Israel's only synagogue in Karachi founded under the British Raj, was demolished in 1988 to make way for a shopping plaza by order of General Zia-ul-Haq shortly after the Bene Israel community in Israel petitioned for its maintenance and use as a historical or other community center.[23] By another account, in July 1988 the synagogue was burnt and brought down by religious zealots (where today a building 'Madiha Square' stands).[24]

Dan Kiesel, a Jew of German origin, was employed as a physiotherapist by the Pakistan Cricket Board from 1995-1999. His appointment brought some controversy, as Pakistani politicians questioned the hiring an Israeli Jew in the Senate of Pakistan.[25]

The term "Yehudi" and its variants remains a word of serious derision when directed at a Bene Israel or anyone else as noted by Reverend John Wilson, one of the founders of University of Bombay (now University of Mumbai). The Bene Israel's prayers include intercessions on behalf of Her Majesty as in several Commonwealth countries.[26] The Jewish Chronicle of London reported on Karachi’s Jews as recently as 2007.[27]

In general elections 2013, it was reported that 809 adult Jews were enrolled as voters. The number of Jewish women voters was 427 against 382 men in the community.[28] By 2017, according to the Election Commission of Pakistan around 900 Jews were registered as voters in the country.[29]

Rachel Joseph, the last known Bene Israel Jew of Pakistan died and is buried in Karachi.[30][31][32]

Most of the Karachi Jews now live in Ramla, Israel, Mumbai, India and Toronto, Ontario, Canada with several spread throughout the United States of America and built a synagogue they named Magen Shalome after the Pakistani Synagogue in Ramla. Developments in the Middle East peace process led to the first high level meeting between Israeli and Pakistani foreign ministers. The foreign ministers of both countries met publicly for the first time in Istanbul, a diplomatic breakthrough brokered by Turkey.

Prominent people

  • Nissim Ezekiel (Talkar), Poet and Teacher (Recipient of the Padma Shri India's highest civilian honour)
  • Dan Kiesel, physiotherapist for the Pakistan Cricket Team.
{{alumni|residents|date=January 2018}}
  • Solomon David Omerdekar, Magane Shalom Synagogue Founder (Karachi), Land Surveyor
  • Abraham Reuben Kamerlekar, City Councillor (Karachi)
  • Jean Francis Miriam Jhirad, Historian, Gladstone Memorial Prize recipient
  • Dr. Eliezer Bhorupkar, Surgeon (Karachi)
  • Moses Somake, Architect
  • Esther Gershone, Teacher
  • Aaron Sassoon Benjamin Kandlekar, Chief Mechanical Engineer (Karachi Port Trust), Fellow RINA
  • Yoel Moses Reuben (Satamkar), Author and Researcher "The Jews of Pakistan: A Forgotten Heritage"
  • Daniel Abraham Satamkar, Shipping Agent, Philanthropist
  • Colonel George E. Benjamin, Engineer (Indian Colonel and British Army Major)
  • Rachel Joseph, Custodian
  • Ann Samson, Director, Congregation BINA (Canada)
  • Galit Solomon, Reporter/Journalist (CTV and City News)
  • Vice Admiral Benjamin A. Sampson (Commandant of the Indian Defense Academy and Head of India's Western Fleet- 1965 Indo-Pakistan War)
  • Dr. Elijah Moses Rajpurkar (Mayor of Bombay 1937-1938)
  • Dr. Jherusha Jhirad (Head of Cama Hospital 1928-1949)
  • David Reuben Chewolkar (actor)commonly known as "David Actor" (Hindi Film star)
  • Eliaz Reuben-Dandeker Autor and Publisher (Israel)

Lifestyle

Bene Israel maintain Sephardic Jewish rites as modified by several cross-cultural celebrations based on their current locations in the world.

Antisemitism

{{main|Antisemitism in Pakistan}}

Many purport to speak about the state of antisemitism in Pakistan today and in her past. Antisemitism is in decline in Pakistan today.[33] The massive demographic influx of Mohajirs from the Dominion of India upon independence and the creation of Israel and the consequent Arab–Israeli conflict worsened Jew-hatred as witnessed by the 1948 Muslim occupation and eventual destruction of Karachi's Magane Shalom synagogue. Before the 1970s, generally there were no anti-Semitic feelings towards the Jews of Pakistan.[34]

Mewa Shah Graveyard

The Jewish Bene Israel Graveyard remains in the larger Mewa Shah Graveyard in Karachi.[35][36]

See also

  • Pakistani Jews in Israel
  • Religion in Pakistan

References

1. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Tahir|first1=Saif|title=The lost Jewish history of Rawalpindi|url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/32513/the-lost-jewish-history-of-rawalpindi/|accessdate=25 February 2016|publisher=Express Tribune|date=23 February 2016}}
2. ^Weil, Shalva. 2010 'Pakistan'; in Norman A. Stillman (ed.) Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World, Leiden:Brill.
3. ^Weil, Shalva. 'The Jews of Pakistan', in M.Avrum Erlich (ed.) Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO. 2008, (3: 1228-1230).
4. ^{{cite web |title=The Jewish Community of Pakistan |url=https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/pakistan |publisher=The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot}}
5. ^Weil, Shalva. "Jews of India" in Raphael Patai and Haya Bar Itzhak (eds.) Jewish Folklore and Traditions: A Multicultural Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, Inc. 2013, (1: 255-258).
6. ^{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1366268/man-interfaith-parents-wins-right-religion-choice/|title=Man of interfaith parents wins right to religion of choice|work=The Express Tribune|date=27 March 2017|accessdate=27 March 2017|first=Danish|last=Hussain}}
7. ^W. W. Hunter, The Imperial Gazetteer of India, vol XII, Trubner and Co, London, 2nd edition, 1887. Online at: http://www.panhwar.net/rarebooks/The%20Imperial%20Gazetteer%20of%20India%20Vol%20XII%201887.pdf
8. ^{{cite book|last1=Aitken|first1=Edward Hamilton|title=Gazetteer Of The Province Of Sindh|location=Karachi|edition=1907|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000876164|accessdate=8 January 2017}}
9. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Balouch|first1=Akhtar|title=Karachi's 'Yahoodi Masjid'|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1046956|accessdate=26 December 2016|publisher=Dawn newspaper|date=16 September 2015}}
10. ^Joan G. Roland, The Jewish Communities of India: Identity in a Colonial EraPg 149 Limited Preview : https://books.google.com/books?pg=PA149&lpg=PA149&dq=jews+karachi&sig=YzcQuJHDc7pllJ9pKs_lcxe2c_w&id=kHJccZ92IecC&ots=UATw6OEEDF&output=html
11. ^Weil, Shalva. 2009 'The Heritage and Legacy of Indian Jews' in Shalva Weil (ed.) India’s Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle, Mumbai: Marg Publications [first published in 2002; 3rd edn.], pp. 8-21.Weil, Shalva. 2011 'Bene Israel', in Adele Berlin (Ed. in Chief) Oxford Dictionary of Jewish Religion, 2nd edition, New York: Oxford University Press, 131.Weil, Shalva. 2011 'Bene Israel' (616), in Judith Baskin (ed.) Cambridge Dictionary of Judaism and Jewish Culture, New York: Cambridge University Press.
12. ^{{cite news|last1=Salman|first1=Peerzada|title=Role of Jews in Karachi’s uplift highlighted|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1053650/role-of-jews-in-karachis-uplift-highlighted|accessdate=17 January 2017|publisher=Dawn newspaper|date=3 Nov 2013|ref=In 1911 they constituted 0.3 per cent of the city’s population and at the time of partition their number had reached 2,500.}}
13. ^Weil, Shalva. 2011 "The History and Disappearance of the Jewish Presence in Pakistan", International Relations and Security Network (ISN). http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/ISN-Insights/Detail?lng=en&id=130985&contextid734=130985&contextid735=130984&tabid=130984&dynrel=4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4,0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.urduvoa.com/media/all/karachi-walay/latest.html?z=4097|title=کراچی والے حصّہ "1"|work=وی او اے|accessdate=8 March 2016}}
15. ^{{cite news|last1=Salman|first1=Peerzada|title=Role of Jews in Karachi’s uplift highlighted|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1053650/role-of-jews-in-karachis-uplift-highlighted|accessdate=17 January 2017|publisher=Dawn newspaper|date=Nov 3, 2013}}
16. ^{{cite news|last1=Ghosh|first1=Palash|title=Karachi Yahudi: Pakistan’s Vanishing (Or Vanished) Jewish Community|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/karachi-yahudi-pakistans-vanishing-or-vanished-jewish-community-1472832|accessdate=26 January 2017|publisher=International Business Times|date=November 16, 2013|ref=In a paper titled "Karachi Ke Yahudi" ("Jewish Karachi"), Kalmatti indicated that Jews arrived in Karachi from Maharashtra (now the state in western India that includes Mumbai) in the 19th century – when, of course, there was no Pakistan, as the British ruled over all of the Indian subcontinent.}}
17. ^Israel Goldstein, My World As a Jew: The Memoirs of Israel Goldstein, Herzl Press, New York, USA, vol 2, Pg 21 Limited preview: https://books.google.com/books?id=mCU0XsXUDOYC&pg=PA21&lpg=PA21&ots=Rf8WikzBrB&dq=jews+karachi&output=html&sig=5giViHwkF4nloob2TatlYnh0k6k
18. ^{{cite journal | last=Weil | first=Shalva | year=2012 | title=The Unknown Jews of Bangladesh: Fragments of an Elusive Community | journal=Asian Jewish Life | issue=10 | pages=16-18 | url=http://asianjewishlife.org/pages/articles/AJL_Issue_10_Sept2012/AJL_Feature_Unknown-Jews-Bangladesh.html | accessdate=18 August 2018 }}
19. ^Weil, Shalva. 2009 'Bene Israel Rites and Routines' in Shalva Weil (ed.) India’s Jewish Heritage: Ritual, Art and Life-Cycle, Mumbai: Marg Publications [first published in 2002; 3Arts, 54(2): 26-37.rd edn.], 78-89. Reprinted in Marg: A Magazine of The
20. ^Weil, Shalva. 'The Jews of Pakistan', in M.Avrum Erlich (ed.) Encyclopaedia of the Jewish Diaspora, Santa Barbara, USA: ABC CLIO.2008, (3: 1228-1230).
21. ^{{cite news|last1=Salman|first1=Peerzada|title=Role of Jews in Karachi’s uplift highlighted|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1053650/role-of-jews-in-karachis-uplift-highlighted|accessdate=17 January 2017|publisher=Dawn newspaper|date=Nov 3, 2013|quote=When in 1948 Israel came into being a lot of Jews fled as refugees to India and then migrated to Israel, and after the Arab-Israel war a majority of them fled the city.}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://jewishrefugees.blogspot.nl/2008/03/untold-story-of-jews-of-pakistan.html|title=Point of No Return: Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries|author=bataween|publisher=|accessdate=8 March 2016}}
23. ^Weil, Shalva. 2011 "The History and Disappearance of the Jewish Presence in Pakistan", International Relations and Security Network (ISN). http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/ISN-Insights/Detail?lng=en&id=130985&contextid734=130985&contextid735=130984&tabid=130984&dynrel=4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4,0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233
24. ^{{cite news|last1=Salman|first1=Peerzada|title=Role of Jews in Karachi’s uplift highlighted|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1053650/role-of-jews-in-karachis-uplift-highlighted|accessdate=17 January 2017|publisher=Dawn newspaper|date=3 November 2013|ref=Mr Kalmatti, the only speaker of the day who spoke in Urdu, said in 1988 the synagogue was burnt and brought down by religious zealots.}}
25. ^Weil, Shalva. 2011 "The History and Disappearance of the Jewish Presence in Pakistan", International Relations and Security Network (ISN). http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/ISN-Insights/Detail?lng=en&id=130985&contextid734=130985&contextid735=130984&tabid=130984&dynrel=4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4,0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233
26. ^Weil, Shalva. 1994 'The Secular & Religious Elite among the Bene Israel Jews in India', Pe’amim 60: 49-63. (Hebrew)
27. ^{{cite news|last1=Ghosh|first1=Palash|title=Karachi Yahudi: Pakistan’s Vanishing (Or Vanished) Jewish Community|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/karachi-yahudi-pakistans-vanishing-or-vanished-jewish-community-1472832|accessdate=8 January 2017|publisher=International Business Times|date=16 November 2013|ref=The Jewish Chronicle of London reported on Karachi’s Jews as recently as 2007, on the 60th anniversary of the founding of Pakistan.}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/796356/minorities-votes-may-decide-fate-of-96-constituencies|title=Minorities’ votes may decide fate of 96 constituencies|author=The Newspaper's Staff Reporter|publisher=|accessdate=8 March 2016}}
29. ^{{cite news|last1=A. Khan|first1=Iftikhar|title=Minorities’ vote bank reaches close to 3m|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1307120/minorities-vote-bank-reaches-close-to-3m|accessdate=8 January 2017|publisher=Dawn newspaper|date=8 Jan 2017|ref=Among other religious communities, around 900 are Jews.}}
30. ^{{cite news|title=No more in Karachi|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/827017|accessdate=26 January 2017|publisher=Dawn newspaper|date=27 January 2016|ref=Rachel Joseph, until her death, claimed that the property developers had promised her and her brother Ifraheem Joseph an apartment in the new building, and also space for a small synagogue.}}
31. ^{{cite news|last1=Sahoutara|first1=Naeem|title=Jewish trust goes to court to take back demolished Karachi synagogue land|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/683952/rachel-josephs-legacy-jewish-trust-goes-to-court-to-take-back-demolished-karachi-synagogue-land/|accessdate=8 January 2017|publisher=Express Tribune|date=18 March 2014|ref=After his death, his sister, R. Rachel Joseph, became the last known survivor of the community in the country.}}
32. ^{{cite news|last1=Khurshid|first1=Jamal|title=Jewish trust given time to review nazir’s report on property status|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/69558-jewish-trust-given-time-to-review-nazirs-report-on-property-status|accessdate=8 January 2017|publisher=The News International|date=26 October 2015|ref=The counsel alleged that trustee Rachel Joseph, in violation of the prevailing laws, regarding sale and transfer of properties allocated to minority communities, executed certain conveyance deeds in favour of private respondents Aftabuddin Qureshi and Ahmed Elahi.}}
33. ^{{cite news|title=Anti-Semitism in Pakistan—hate on a sliding scale|url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/world/page4/anti-semitism_in_pakistan_--_hate_on_a_sliding_scale_20081210/|accessdate=17 January 2017|agency=Tribe Media Corp|publisher=The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles|date=11 December 2008}}
34. ^{{cite news|last1=Hashmi|first1=Zeeba T|title=The Jews of Pakistan|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/opinion/13-Nov-2015/the-jews-of-pakistan|accessdate=17 January 2017|publisher=Daily Times (Pakistan)|date=12 November 2015|ref=We cannot ignore the fact that before the 1970s there generally were no anti-Semitic feelings towards the Jews of Pakistan.}}
35. ^{{cite web|title=Jewish Graveyard in Karachi Pakistan|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wbadPMHHq-E|publisher=Youtube|accessdate=13 November 2011}}
36. ^{{cite news|title=In search of the Jews of Karachi|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/113103/in-search-of-the-jews-of-karachi/|accessdate=13 November 2011|newspaper=Express Tribune|date=6 February 2011}}

Sources

Above material is based on an article of Prof. Adil Najam of Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, published in Pakistan's newspaper The Daily Times. 1

External links

  • Bene Israel graveyard: buried in time or conscience?
  • In search of Jews in Karachi
  • When Jews found refuge in an unlikely place: Pakistan
  • The Jews of Pakistan
{{Asia topic|History of the Jews in}}{{Religion in Pakistan}}{{DEFAULTSORT:History of the Jews in Pakistan}}

8 : Jewish Pakistani history|Jews and Judaism in Pakistan|Pakistani Jews|South Asian Jews|Social groups of Pakistan|Ethnic groups in Pakistan|Israel–Pakistan relations|History of the foreign relations of Pakistan
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