请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 HLA-G
释义

  1. Function

  2. Interactions

  3. References

  4. Further reading

{{Infobox_gene}}HLA-G histocompatibility antigen, class I, G, also known as human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HLA-G gene.[1]

HLA-G belongs to the HLA nonclassical class I heavy chain paralogues. This class I molecule is a heterodimer consisting of a heavy chain and a light chain (beta-2 microglobulin). The heavy chain is anchored in the membrane. HLA-G is expressed on fetal derived placental cells. The heavy chain is approximately 45 kDa and its gene contains 8 exons. Exon one encodes the leader peptide, exons 2 and 3 encode the alpha1 and alpha2 domain, which both bind the peptide, exon 4 encodes the alpha3 domain, exon 5 encodes the transmembrane region, and exon 6 encodes the cytoplasmic tail.[1] Exon 7 and 8 are not translated due to a stop codon present in exon 6.[2]

Function

HLA-G may play a role in immune tolerance in pregnancy, being expressed in the placenta by extravillous trophoblast cells (EVT), while the classical MHC class I genes (HLA-A and HLA-B) are not.[3] As HLA-G was first identified in placenta samples, many studies have evaluated its role in pregnancy disorders, such as preeclampsia and recurrent pregnancy loss.[4] its downregulation is related to HLA-A and -B downregulation results in protection from cytotoxic T cell responses, but would in theory result in a missing self response by natural killer cells. HLA-G is a ligand for NK cell inhibitory receptor KIR2DL4, and therefore expression of this HLA by the trophoblast defends it against NK cell-mediated death.[5]

However, a large family with several members bearing only "null" HLA-G alleles has been found. None of these homozygous subjects have pregnancy or birth difficulties; nor do they present immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, or tumors.[6][7] It is striking that this "null" allele (HLA-G*01:05N), while it is quite frequent in some populations, like in Iranians, it is almost absent in some Amerindian populations.[8] Also, some higher primates do not show all MHC-G isoforms.[9] In addition, Cercopithecinae middle-sized Old World monkeys do not bear full MHC-G molecules since all of these monkeys present stop codons at MHC-G DNA.[10] All of these anomalies must be studied.

The presence of soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) in embryos is associated with better pregnancy rates. In order to optimize pregnancy rates, there is significant evidence that a morphological scoring system is the best strategy for the selection of embryos.[11] However, presence of soluble HLA-G might be considered as a second parameter if a choice has to be made between embryos of morphologically equal quality.[11]

Interactions

HLA-G has been shown to interact with CD8A.[12][13]

References

1. ^1 {{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: HLA-G HLA-G histocompatibility antigen, class I, G| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=3135| accessdate = }}
2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Castelli|first=Erick C.|last2=Mendes-Junior|first2=Celso T.|last3=Veiga-Castelli|first3=Luciana C.|last4=Roger|first4=Michel|last5=Moreau|first5=Philippe|last6=Donadi|first6=Eduardo A.|date=2011-11-01|title=A Comprehensive Study of Polymorphic Sites along the HLA-G Gene: Implication for Gene Regulation and Evolution|url=http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/11/3069|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|language=en|volume=28|issue=11|pages=3069–3086|doi=10.1093/molbev/msr138|issn=0737-4038|pmid=21622995}}
3. ^{{cite book |author1=Jay Iams |author2=Creasy, Robert K. |author3=Resnik, Robert |author4=Robert Reznik | title = Maternal-fetal medicine | edition = | language = | publisher = W.B. Saunders Co | location = Philadelphia | year = 2004 | origyear = | pages = 31–32 | quote = | isbn = 978-0-7216-0004-8 | oclc = | doi = | url = | accessdate = }}
4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Michita|first=Rafael Tomoya|last2=Zambra|first2=Francis Maria Báo|last3=Fraga|first3=Lucas Rosa|last4=Sanseverino|first4=Maria Teresa Vieira|last5=Callegari-Jacques|first5=Sidia Maria|last6=Vianna|first6=Priscila|last7=Chies|first7=José Artur Bogo|title=A tug-of-war between tolerance and rejection – New evidence for 3′UTR HLA-G haplotypes influence in recurrent pregnancy loss|journal=Human Immunology|volume=77|issue=10|pages=892–897|doi=10.1016/j.humimm.2016.07.004|pmid=27397898|year=2016}}
5. ^{{cite journal |author=Lash, G, Robson, S, Bulmer, J. |title=Review: Functional role of uterine natural killer (uNK) cells in human early pregnancy decidua |journal=Placenta |volume=31 |issue=S |pages=87–92 |year=2010 |pmid=20061017 |doi=10.1016/j.placenta.2009.12.022}}
6. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Suárez MB, Morales P, Castro MJ, Fernández V, Varela P, Alvarez M, Martínez-Laso J, Arnaiz-Villena A | title = A new HLA-G allele (HLA-G*0105N) and its distribution in the Spanish population | journal = Immunogenetics | volume = 45 | issue = 6 | pages = 464–5 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9089111 | doi = 10.1007/s002510050235}}
7. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Casro MJ, Morales P, Rojo-Amigo R, Martinez-Laso J, Allende L, Varela P, Garcia-Berciano M, Guillen-Perales J, Arnaiz-Villena A | title = Homozygous HLA-G*0105N healthy individuals indicate that membrane-anchored HLA-G1 molecule is not necessary for survival | journal = Tissue Antigens | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 232–9 |date=September 2000 | pmid = 11034559 | doi = 10.1034/j.1399-0039.2000.560305.x}}
8. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Arnaiz-Villena A, Enriquez-de-Salamanca M, Areces C, Alonso-Rubio J, Abd-El-Fatah-Khalil S, Fernandez-Honrado M, Rey D | title = HLA-G(∗)01:05N null allele in Mayans (Guatemala) and Uros (Titikaka Lake, Peru): Evolution and population genetics | journal = Hum. Immunol. | volume = 74 | issue = 4 | pages = 478–82 |date=April 2013 | pmid = 23261410 | doi = 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.12.013 }}
9. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Castro MJ, Morales P, Martinez-Laso J, Allende L, Rojo-Amigo R, Gonzalez-Hevilla M, Varela P, Moscoso J, Garcia-Berciano M, Arnaiz-Villena A | title = Lack of MHC-G4 and soluble (G5, G6) isoforms in the higher primates, Pongidae | journal = Hum. Immunol. | volume = 61 | issue = 11 | pages = 1164–8 |date=November 2000 | pmid = 11137222 | doi = 10.1016/s0198-8859(00)00189-0| title-link = Pongidae }}
10. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Castro MJ, Morales P, Fernández-Soria V, Suarez B, Recio MJ, Alvarez M, Martín-Villa M, Arnaiz-Villena A | title = Allelic diversity at the primate Mhc-G locus: exon 3 bears stop codons in all Cercopithecinae sequences | journal = Immunogenetics | volume = 43 | issue = 6 | pages = 327–36 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8606053 | doi = 10.1007/bf02199801 }}
11. ^1 {{cite journal |vauthors=Rebmann V, Switala M, Eue I, Grosse-Wilde H |title=Soluble HLA-G is an independent factor for the prediction of pregnancy outcome after ART: a German multi-centre study |journal=Hum Reprod |volume= 25|issue= 7|pages= 1691–8|date=May 2010 |pmid=20488801 |doi=10.1093/humrep/deq120 |url=}}
12. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Gao GF, Willcox BE, Wyer JR, Boulter JM, O'Callaghan CA, Maenaka K, Stuart DI, Jones EY, Van Der Merwe PA, Bell JI, Jakobsen BK | title = Classical and nonclassical class I major histocompatibility complex molecules exhibit subtle conformational differences that affect binding to CD8alphaalpha | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 275 | issue = 20 | pages = 15232–8 |date=May 2000 | pmid = 10809759 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.275.20.15232| url = }}
13. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Sanders SK, Giblin PA, Kavathas P | title = Cell-cell adhesion mediated by CD8 and human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen G, a nonclassical major histocompatibility complex class 1 molecule on cytotrophoblasts | journal = J. Exp. Med. | volume = 174 | issue = 3 | pages = 737–40 |date=September 1991 | pmid = 1908512 | pmc = 2118947 | doi = 10.1084/jem.174.3.737| url = }}

Further reading

{{refbegin | 2}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Carosella ED, Favier B, Rouas-Freiss N, Moreau P, LeMaoult J |title=Beyond the increasing complexity of the immunomodulatory HLA-G molecule |journal=Blood |volume=111 |issue= 10 |pages= 4862–70 |year= 2008 |pmid= 18334671 |doi=10.1182/blood-2007-12-127662 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Carosella ED, Moreau P, LeMaoult J, Rouas-Freiss N |title=HLA-G: From biology to clinical benefits |journal=Trends in Immunology |volume=29 |issue= 3|pages= 125–32 |year= 2008 |pmid= 18249584 |doi=10.1016/j.it.2007.11.005 }}
  • {{cite journal | author=Arnaiz-Villena A |title=Primate Mhc-E and -G alleles |journal=Immunogenetics |volume=46 |issue= 4 |pages= 251–66 |year= 1997 |pmid= 9218527 |doi=10.1007/s002510050271 |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Martinez-Laso J | author3=Alvarez M | display-authors=3 | last4=Castro | first4=Maria J. | last5=Varela | first5=Pilar | last6=Gomez-Casado | first6=Eduardo | last7=Suarez | first7=Belen | last8=Recio | first8=María José | last9=Vargas-Alarcón | first9=Gilberto }}
  • {{cite journal | author=Le Bouteiller P |title=HLA-G in the human placenta: expression and potential functions |journal=Biochem. Soc. Trans. |volume=28 |issue= 2 |pages= 208–12 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10816129 |doi= 10.1042/bst0280208}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Geyer M, Fackler OT, Peterlin BM |title=Structure–function relationships in HIV-1 Nef |journal=EMBO Rep. |volume=2 |issue= 7 |pages= 580–5 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11463741 |doi= 10.1093/embo-reports/kve141 | pmc=1083955 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Langat DK, Hunt JS |title=Do nonhuman primates comprise appropriate experimental models for studying the function of human leukocyte antigen-G? |journal=Biol. Reprod. |volume=67 |issue= 5 |pages= 1367–74 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12390864 |doi=10.1095/biolreprod.102.005587 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Moreau P, Dausset J, Carosella ED, Rouas-Freiss N |title=Viewpoint on the functionality of the human leukocyte antigen-G null allele at the fetal-maternal interface |journal=Biol. Reprod. |volume=67 |issue= 5 |pages= 1375–8 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12390865 |doi=10.1095/biolreprod.102.005439 }}
  • {{cite journal | author=Moreau P |title=HLA-G protein processing and transport to the cell surface |journal=Cell. Mol. Life Sci. |volume=59 |issue= 9 |pages= 1460–6 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12440768 |doi=10.1007/s00018-002-8521-8 |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Rousseau P | author3=Rouas-Freiss N | display-authors=3 | last4=Le Discorde | first4=M. | last5=Dausset | first5=J. | last6=Carosella | first6=E. D. }}
  • {{cite journal | author=Greenway AL |title=HIV-1 Nef control of cell signalling molecules: multiple strategies to promote virus replication |journal=J. Biosci. |volume=28 |issue= 3 |pages= 323–35 |year= 2004 |pmid= 12734410 |doi=10.1007/BF02970151 |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Holloway G | author3=McPhee DA | display-authors=3 | last4=Ellis | first4=Phoebe | last5=Cornall | first5=Alyssa | last6=Lidman | first6=Michael }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Bénichou S, Benmerah A |title=[The HIV nef and the Kaposi-sarcoma-associated virus K3/K5 proteins: "parasites"of the endocytosis pathway] |journal=Med Sci (Paris) |volume=19 |issue= 1 |pages= 100–6 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12836198 |doi= 10.1051/medsci/2003191100}}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Le Bouteiller P, Legrand-Abravanel F, Solier C |title=Soluble HLA-G1 at the materno-foetal interface--a review |journal=Placenta |volume=24 Suppl A |issue= |pages= S10–5 |year= 2004 |pmid= 12842408 |doi=10.1053/plac.2002.0931 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Sköld M, Behar SM |title=Role of CD1d-Restricted NKT Cells in Microbial Immunity |journal=Infect. Immun. |volume=71 |issue= 10 |pages= 5447–55 |year= 2003 |pmid= 14500461 |doi=10.1128/IAI.71.10.5447-5455.2003 | pmc=201095 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Wiendl H, Mitsdoerffer M, Weller M |title=Express and protect yourself: the potential role of HLA-G on muscle cells and in inflammatory myopathies |journal=Hum. Immunol. |volume=64 |issue= 11 |pages= 1050–6 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14602235 |doi=10.1016/j.humimm.2003.07.001 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Urosevic M, Dummer R |title=HLA-G in skin cancer: a wolf in sheep's clothing? |journal=Hum. Immunol. |volume=64 |issue= 11 |pages= 1073–80 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14602238 |doi=10.1016/j.humimm.2003.08.351 }}
  • {{cite book | author=Carosella ED |title=HLA-G molecules: from maternal-fetal tolerance to tissue acceptance |journal=Adv. Immunol. |volume=81 |issue= |pages= 199–252 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14711057 |doi=10.1016/S0065-2776(03)81006-4 |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Moreau P | author3=Le Maoult J | display-authors=3 | series=Advances in Immunology | last4=Lediscorde | first4=M | last5=Dausset | first5=J | last6=Rouasfreiss | first6=N | isbn=978-0-12-022481-4 }}
  • {{cite journal | author=Leavitt SA |title=Interactions of HIV-1 proteins gp120 and Nef with cellular partners define a novel allosteric paradigm |journal=Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. |volume=5 |issue= 1 |pages= 1–8 |year= 2004 |pmid= 14965316 |doi=10.2174/1389203043486955 |name-list-format=vanc| author2=SchOn A | author3=Klein JC | display-authors=3 | last4=Manjappara | first4=Uma | last5=m. Chaiken | first5=Irwin | last6=Freire | first6=Ernesto }}
  • {{cite journal | author=Le Maoult J |title=[HLA-G in organ transplantation] |journal=Pathol. Biol. |volume=52 |issue= 2 |pages= 97–103 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15001239 |doi= 10.1016/j.patbio.2003.04.006 |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Rouas-Freiss N | author3=Le Discorde M | display-authors=3 | last4=Moreau | first4=P | last5=Carosella | first5=ED }}
  • {{cite journal | author=Tolstrup M |title=HIV/SIV escape from immune surveillance: focus on Nef |journal=Curr. HIV Res. |volume=2 |issue= 2 |pages= 141–51 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15078178 |doi=10.2174/1570162043484924 |name-list-format=vanc| author2=Ostergaard L | author3=Laursen AL | display-authors=3 | last4=Pedersen | first4=Skou F. | last5=Duch | first5=Mogens }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Joseph AM, Kumar M, Mitra D |title=Nef: "necessary and enforcing factor" in HIV infection |journal=Curr. HIV Res. |volume=3 |issue= 1 |pages= 87–94 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15638726 |doi=10.2174/1570162052773013 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=McIntire RH, Hunt JS |title=Antigen presenting cells and HLA-G--a review |journal=Placenta |volume=26 Suppl A |issue= |pages= S104–9 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15837058 |doi= 10.1016/j.placenta.2005.01.006 }}
  • {{cite journal |vauthors=Anderson JL, Hope TJ |title=HIV accessory proteins and surviving the host cell |journal=Current HIV/AIDS Reports |volume=1 |issue= 1 |pages= 47–53 |year= 2005 |pmid= 16091223 |doi=10.1007/s11904-004-0007-x }}
{{refend}}{{PDB Gallery|geneid=3135}}{{Surface antigens}}
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/22 1:43:34