“C (musical note)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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C (musical note)

释义

Frequency
Octave nomenclature
Middle C Other octaves
Designation by octave
Graphic presentation
Scales
Common scales beginning on C Diatonic scales Jazz melodic minor
B sharp
See also
References

{{hatnote|Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see C (disambiguation), Hi-C (disambiguation) and Middle C (novel)}}

C (Italian, French: Do) is the first note of the C major scale, the third note of the A minor scale (the relative minor of C major), and the fourth note (F, A, B, C) of the Guidonian hand, commonly pitched around 261.63 Hz. The actual frequency has depended on historical pitch standards, and for transposing instruments a distinction is made between written and sounding or concert pitch.

In English the term Do is used interchangeably with C only by adherents of fixed-Do solfège; in the movable Do system Do refers to the tonic of the prevailing key.

Frequency

Historically, concert pitch has varied. For an instrument in equal temperament tuned to the A440 pitch standard widely adopted in 1939, middle C has a frequency around 261.63 Hz (for other notes see piano key frequencies). Scientific pitch notation was originally proposed in 1713 by French physicist Joseph Sauveur and based on the numerically convenient frequency of 256 Hz for middle C, all C's being powers of two. After the A440 pitch standard was adopted by musicians, the Acoustical Society of America published new frequency tables for scientific use. A movement to restore the older A435 standard has used the banners "Verdi tuning", "philosophical pitch" or the easily confused scientific pitch.

Octave nomenclature

Middle C

Middle C (the fourth C key from left on a standard 88-key piano keyboard) is designated C₄ in scientific pitch notation, the most commonly recognized in auditory science{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}}, while both C₄ and the Helmholtz designation c′ are used in musical studies. Other note-octave systems, including those used by some makers of digital music keyboards, may refer to Middle C differently. In MIDI, Middle C is note number 60.

While the expression Middle C is generally clear across instruments and clefs, some musicians naturally use the term to refer to the C note in the middle of their specific instrument's range. C₄ may be called Low C by someone playing a Western concert flute, which has a higher and narrower playing range than the piano, while C₅ (523.251 Hz) would be Middle C. This technically inaccurate practice has led some pedagogues to encourage standardizing on C₄ as the definitive Middle C in instructional materials across all instruments.^[1]

Other octaves

In vocal music, the term Soprano C, sometimes called High C^[2] or Top C {{by whom|date=September 2017}}, is the C two octaves above Middle C. It is so named because it is considered the defining note of the soprano voice type. It is C₆ in scientific pitch notation (1046.502 Hz) and c′′′ in Helmholtz notation. The term Tenor C is sometimes used{{by whom|date=September 2017}} in vocal music to refer to C₅, as it is the highest required note in the standard tenor repertoire. The term Low C is sometimes used in vocal music to refer to C₂ because this is considered the divide between true basses and bass-baritones: a basso can sing this note easily whereas other male voices, including bass-baritones, typically cannot.

Tenor C is an organ builder's term for small C or C₃ (130.813 Hz), the note one octave below Middle C. In stoplists it usually means that a rank is not full compass, omitting the bottom octave.^[3]

Designation by octave

Scientific designation	Helmholtz designation	Octave name	Frequency (Hz)	Other names	Audio
C₋₁	C͵͵͵ or ͵͵͵C or CCCC	Octocontra	8.176	C8.18.mid\|Play}}
C₀	C͵͵ or ͵͵C or CCC	Subcontra	16.352	C16.35.mid\|Play}}
C₁	C͵ or ͵C or CC	Contra	32.703	C32.7.mid\|Play}}
C₂	C	Great	65.406	Low C, cello C, 8' C (see organ pipe length)	C65.41.mid\|Play}}
C₃	c	Small	130.813	4' C or tenor C (organ), viola C	C130.81.mid\|Play}}
C₄	c′	One-lined	261.626	Middle C	Middle C.mid\|Play}}
C₅	c′′	Two-lined	523.251	Treble C, high C (written an octave higher for tenor voices)^[4]	Perfect octave on C.mid\|Play}}
C₆	c′′′	Three-lined	1046.502	High C (soprano)	Perfect fifteenth on C.mid\|Play}}
C₇	c′′′′	Four-lined	2093.005	date=February 2019}}	C2093.01.mid\|Play}}
C₈	c′′′′′	Five-lined	4186.009	Eighth octave C, triple high C	Eighth octave on C.mid\|Play}}
C₉	c′′′′′′	Six-lined	8372.018	Quadruple high C	C8372.02.mid\|Play}}
C₁₀	c′′′′′′′	Seven-lined	16,744.036	Quintuple high C	C16744.04.mid\|Play}}

(20,000 hertz is the start of the ultrasound in healthy young adults.)

Graphic presentation

Scales

Common scales beginning on C

C Major: C D E F G A B C
C Natural Minor: C D E{{music|b}} F G A{{music|b}} B{{music|b}} C
C Harmonic Minor: C D E{{music|b}} F G A{{music|b}} B C
C Melodic Minor Ascending: C D E{{music|b}} F G A B C
C Melodic Minor Descending: C B{{music|b}} A{{music|b}} G F E{{music|b}} D C

Diatonic scales

C Ionian: C D E F G A B C
C Dorian: C D E{{music|b}} F G A B{{music|b}} C
C Phrygian: C D{{music|b}} E{{music|b}} F G A{{music|b}} B{{music|b}} C
C Lydian: C D E F{{music|#}} G A B C
C Mixolydian: C D E F G A B{{music|b}} C
C Aeolian: C D E{{music|b}} F G A{{music|b}} B{{music|b}} C
C Locrian: C D{{music|b}} E{{music|b}} F G{{music|b}} A{{music|b}} B{{music|b}} C

Jazz melodic minor

C Ascending Melodic Minor: C D E{{music|b}} F G A B C
C Dorian ♭2: C D{{music|b}} E{{music|b}} F G A B{{music|b}} C
C Lydian Augmented: C D E F{{music|#}} G{{music|#}} A B C
C Lydian Dominant: C D E F{{music|#}} G A B{{music|b}} C
C Mixolydian ♭6: C D E F G A{{music|b}} B{{music|b}} C
C Locrian ♮2: C D E{{music|b}} F G{{music|b}} A{{music|b}} B{{music|b}} C
C Altered: C D{{music|b}} E{{music|b}} F{{music|b}} G{{music|b}} A{{music|b}} B{{music|b}} C

B sharp

Traversing the circle of fifths can result in a B{{music|sharp}} that is higher than C by 23.46 cents, the ratio of twelve just perfect fifths (B{{music|sharp}}) to seven octaves being 531,441 / 524,288, the Pythagorean comma.

A B{{music|sharp}} that is three just major thirds above C is lower than the octave by an interval called a diesis, 125:128 or 41.06 cents.

References

1. ^{{cite journal |last=Large|first= John|date=February 1981|title= Theory in Practice: Building a Firm Foundation|journal= Music Educators Journal|volume= 32|pages= 30–35}}
2. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/07/arts/music/metropolitan-opera-high-note-exterminating-angel.html "At the Met Opera, a Note So High, It’s Never Been Sung Before", The New York Times, Nov. 7, 2017]
3. ^{{cite news | first=Daniel J. | last=Wakin | coauthors= | title=The Note That Makes Us Weep | date=2007-09-09 | publisher= | url =https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/weekinreview/09wakin.html | work =New York Times | pages = | accessdate = 2007-12-12 | language = }}
4. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/09/weekinreview/09wakin.html "Luciano Pavarotti - King of the High C’s", The New York Times", Sept. 9, 2007]

1 : Musical notes

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