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词条 HMS Calcutta (D82)
释义

  1. Construction and design

     Modification 

  2. Service

     Second World War 

  3. References

  4. External links

{{other ships|HMS Calcutta}}{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}{{Infobox ship image
Ship image=HMS Calcutta.jpgShip caption=
}}{{Infobox ship career		Hide header=Ship country=United KingdomUK|naval}}Ship class=C-class light cruiserShip name=HMS CalcuttaShip ordered=Ship awarded=Ship builder=Vickers Limited, Barrow-in-FurnessShip laid down=18 October 1917Ship launched=9 July 1918Ship christened=Ship acquired=Ship commissioned=28 August 1919Ship recommissioned=Ship decommissioned=Ship in service=Ship out of service=Ship renamed=Ship reclassified=Converted to anti-aircraft cruiser in 1939Ship refit=Ship captured=Ship struck=Ship reinstated=Ship fate=Sunk 1 June 1941 by air attack off Alexandria, EgyptShip status=Ship homeport=
}}{{Infobox ship characteristics		Hide header=Header caption=Ship displacement=4,190 tonnes451.4|ft|m|abbr=on}}43.9|ft|m|abbr=on}}14|ft|m|abbr=on}}Ship draft=Ship propulsion=*Parsons geared turbines
  • Yarrow boilers
  • Two propellers
  • 40,000 shp
29|kn|km/h}}Ship range=carried 300 tons (950 tons maximum) of fuel oilShip endurance=Ship test depth=Ship boats=Ship capacity=Ship complement=330–350Ship time to activate=Ship sensors=Ship EW=6|in|adj=on|0}} guns
  • 2 × {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on|0}} anti-aircraft guns
  • 4 × 3-pounder guns
  • 2 × 2-pounder pom-poms
  • 1 × machine gun
  • 8 × 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes
3|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} side (amidships)
  • {{convert|2+1/4|-|1+1/2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} side (bows)
  • {{convert|2|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} side (stern)
  • {{convert|1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} upper decks (amidships)
  • {{convert|1|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} deck over rudder
Ship armor=Ship aircraft=Ship motto=Ship nickname=Ship honours=Ship notes=
}}

HMS Calcutta was a C-class light cruiser of the Royal Navy, named after the Indian city of Calcutta. She was part of the Carlisle group of the C-class of cruisers. She was laid down by Vickers Limited at Barrow-in-Furness in 1917 and launched on 9 July 1918. Calcutta was commissioned too late to see action in the First World War and was converted to an anti-aircraft cruiser in 1939. Calcutta served during the Norwegian Campaign and the evacuation from Dunkirk in 1940. She was used to escort allied convoys across the Mediterranean and was sunk on 1 June 1941 by Luftwaffe aircraft off Alexandria, Egypt.

Construction and design

Calcutta was laid down at Vickers' Barrow-in-Furness shipyard on 28 January 1917 and launched on 9 July 1918, completing in August 1919.[1]

The ship was {{convert|451|ft|6|in|m}} long overall and {{convert|425|ft|m|2}} between perpendiculars, with a beam of {{convert|43|ft|6|in|m}} and a draught of {{convert|14|ft|3|in|m}}.[2] Displacement was {{convert|4290|LT|t}} normal and {{convert|5250|LT|t}} deep load.[1] Six Yarrow boilers fed steam to two sets of Parsons geared steam turbines rated at {{convert|40000|shp}}, giving a design speed of {{convert|29|kn}}.

As built, Calcutta{{'}}s main armament consisted of five BL 6 inch Mk XII naval guns, carried in single mounts, with an anti-aircraft armament of two QF 3-inch 20 cwt guns and two 2-pounder pom-pom autocannon. Eight 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes were carried, in four twin mounts.[3] The ship had a armour belt of {{convert|3|in|mm}} amidships, thinning to {{convert|1+1/2|in|mm}} forward and {{convert|2|in|mm}} aft, with an armoured deck {{convert|1|in|mm}} thick protecting the ship's machinery.[4] She had a complement of 432 officers and ratings.[1]

Modification

In August 1938 Calcutta started conversion at Chatham Dockyard to an anti-aircraft cruiser. The conversion involved removal of all guns and torpedo tubes, with eight QF 4 inch Mk XVI naval guns in four twin mounts being fitted, with a close-in armament of a quadruple 2-pounder pom-pom and two quadruple Vickers .50 machine gun mounts. The conversion was completed in July 1939.[5][8]

Service

Following commissioning, Calcutta joined the 8th Light Cruiser Squadron on the North America and West Indies Station as Flagship.[1][6] On 6 March 1920, the American cargo ship {{ship|SS|Balabac}} caught fire in Port of Spain harbour. Calcutta sent some of her crew to try and fight the fire and used her boats to rescue Balabac{{'}}s crew.[7] Calcutta remained on the North America and West Indies Station until 1926, when she sustained structural damage from being dashed against a jetty in Bermuda by a hurricane on 21 October, the hurricane also sinking the sloop {{HMS|Valerian|1916|2}} while at sea.[8][9]

Following repair and a period in reserve, Calcutta was recommissioned on 18 September 1929 as the flagship of the 6th Cruiser Squadron serving on the Africa Station, based at Simon's Town, South Africa, serving on that station until returning to the United Kingdom and paying off into reserve in 1931.[8][6]

Second World War

Following conversion to an anti-aircraft cruiser, Calcutta joined the Home Fleet in August 1939 and in September was allocated to the Humber Force, acting as an anti-aircraft escort for convoys in the North Sea. She returned to the Home Fleet in February but continued to escort convoys as well as the Fleet.[8][6]

In April 1940, Germany invaded Norway and Calcutta was one of the units of the Home Fleet deployed in response. From 22–23 April, Calcutta, along with the cruiser {{HMS|Birmingham|C19|2}}, the destroyer {{HMS|Maori|F24|2}}, the sloop {{HMS|Auckland|L61|2}} and the French destroyers {{Ship|French destroyer|Bison||2}} and {{Ship|French destroyer|Foudroyant|1929|2}}, escorted the French troopship Ville d{{'}}Alger which was landing troops at Namsos but the operations were disrupted by poor weather.[8][10] On 30 April, operations began to evacuate British and French troops from Åndalsnes, with Calcutta providing anti-aircraft cover for the evacuation operations. Calcutta and Auckland evacuated the rearguard from Åndalsnes on the night of 1/2 May, with Calcutta embarking 756 officers and men.[8][10][11]

At the end of May 1940, Calcutta took part in Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force from Dunkirk.[12] She evacuated 656 troops on the night of 27/28 May 1940,[13] when she operated off La Panne,[14] and a further 1,200 troops on the night of 28/29 May.[15] Calcutta again operated off Dunkirk on the night of 31 May/1 June,[16][17] and was slightly damaged by near-misses by German bombs on 2 June.[17][18]

Following the completion of the evacuation from Dunkirk, British Forces continued to operate in France, with Operation Ariel taking part in the second half of June 1940 to evacuate the remainder of British forces from ports in the west of France. Calcutta took part in Operation Ariel, providing anti-aircraft cover for evacuations from Saint-Jean-de-Luz in the far South-East of France, near the border with Spain from 23 to 25 June, when the Armistice between France and Germany ended the evacuations. On the return journey, Calcutta was in company with the Canadian destroyers {{HMCS|Restigouche|H00|6}} and {{HMCS|Fraser|H48|2}}, when on the evening of 25 June Calcutta collided with Fraser off the Gironde estuary, cutting the destroyer in two. The front of Fraser sank quickly, while the aft part was scuttled by Restigouche.[19][20] Calcutta was undamaged.[21]

On 30 August Calcutta set off from Gibraltar as part of Operation Hats, which had the purpose of strengthening the British Mediterranean Fleet based in Egypt while simultaneously escorting a supply convoy to Malta. Calcutta formed part of Force F, the reinforcements for the Mediterranean Fleet, and together with sister ship {{HMS|Coventry|D43|2}} and the battleship {{HMS|Valiant|1914|2}} delivered personnel and stores to Malta on 2 September after Force F met up with the Mediterranean Fleet, reaching Alexandria on 6 September.[22][23] On 8 October 1940, Calcutta, together with Coventry and four destroyers, formed the close escort of Convoy MF.3 to Malta, reaching Malta on 11 September, with Calcutta and Coventry forming part of the escort of the return convoy MF4.[8][24][25]

Calcutta provided anti-aircraft support for the battleships {{HMS|Warspite|03|2}}, Valiant and {{HMS|Barham|04|2}} when they bombarded Bardia on 3 January, then on 7 January set off from Alexandria as part of the escort of Malta Convoy MW5. This was part of a complex series of operations, with another Malta convoy, Operation Excess being simultaneously run from Gibraltar. Convoy MW5 arrived unharmed at Malta on 10 January, but the escort for the Operation Excess convoy was heavily hit by German dive bombers, sinking the cruiser {{HMS|Southampton|83|2}} and badly damaging the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Illustrious|87|2}} and the cruiser {{HMS|Gloucester|62|2}}.[26][27] During March 1941, Calcutta escorted a series of troop convoys, known as Operation Lustre, carrying four British divisions from Egypt to Greece.[28] An Italian attempt to attack these convoys resulted in the Battle of Cape Matapan in which three Italian heavy cruisers were sunk.[29]

On 18 April 1941 Calcutta sailed with the Mediterranean Fleet when it escorted the fast transport {{HMS|Breconshire||2}} to Malta, continuing to escort the fleet as it bombarded the port of Tripoli on 20 April.[30][31] On 24 April, the Mediterranean Fleet launched Operation Demon, the evacuation of British and Commonwealth forces from Greece, with Calcutta taking part in the evacuations.[32][33] Between 6 and 12 May, Calcutta set out from Alexandria as part of the escort of Malta-bound convoy MW7, before joining the Operation Tiger convoy ferrying tanks from Gibraltar to Egypt.[34][35]

On 20 May, Germany launched an invasion of Crete by airborne troops. The British Mediterranean Fleet deployed to counter any sea-borne reinforcement of the German forces, with three groups of cruisers and destroyers (Forces B, C and D) deployed to the north of Crete to intercept invasion convoys, while a force of battleships and destroyers (Force A) provided cover in case the Italian Navy attempted to intervene.[36] Calcutta was sent from Alexandria to join Force C, meeting it on 21 May. Force C came under heavy attack by German and Italian aircraft during 21 May, with the destroyer {{HMS|Juno|F46}} being sunk. On 22 May Force C intercepted a convoy of Caïques carrying German troops to Heraklion, escorted by the {{Ship|Italian torpedo boat|Sagittario|1936|2}}. While the convoy was forced to turn back, heavy German air attacks caused the commander of Force C, Rear-Admiral King, to break off the attack. The air attacks damaged the cruisers {{HMS|Naiad|93|2}} and {{HMS|Carlisle|D67|2}} before Force C rejoined the covering Force A. Further attacks on the combined force damaged the battleships Warspite and Valiant and sank the cruisers Gloucester and {{HMS|Fiji||2}} and the destroyer {{HMS|Greyhound|H05|2}}. Force A was ordered back to Alexandria early on 23 May to restock anti-aircraft ammunition.[37][38][39]

On 27 May, the deteriorating situation on Crete resulted in the evacuation of Allied forces being ordered, with Calcutta along with the cruisers Coventry, {{HMS|Phoebe|43|2}} and {{HMAS|Perth|D29|2}}, the destroyers {{HMS|Jervis||2}}, {{HMS|Janus|F53|2}} and {{HMS|Hasty|H24|2}} and the transport {{HMS|Glengyle||2}} evacuating 6,000 troops from Sfakia on the night of 29/30 May 1941.[40] On the night of 31 May/1 June 1941, a final effort was made to evacuate the remaining troops from Sfakia, with the cruiser Phoebe, the minelayer {{HMS|Abdiel|M39|2}} and the destroyers {{HMS|Kimberley|F50|2}}, {{HMS|Hotspur|H01|2}} and {{HMS|Jackal|F22|2}} picked up a further 3,710 men. Calcutta and Coventry set out from Alexandria on 1 June to provide extra anti-aircraft protection for this force, but the two ships were attacked by two Junkers 88 bombers of Lehrgeschwader 1 about {{convert|100|nmi|km}} northwest of Alexandria, which dived out of the sun, giving little warning. Calcutta was hit by two bombs and sank, with 255 men being rescued by Coventry and 107 men killed or missing.[39][41][42]

References

1. ^1 2 3 {{Harvnb|Gardiner|Gray|1985|p=61}}
2. ^{{Harvnb|Whitley|1999|p=71}}
3. ^{{Harvnb|Gardiner|Gray|1985|pp=60–61}}
4. ^{{Harvnb|Parkes|1931|p=53}}
5. ^{{Harvnb|Whitley|1999|pp=71–72}}
6. ^1 2 {{Harvnb|Whitley|1999|p=72}}
7. ^{{Old Weather| url = http://www.naval-history.net/OWShips-WW1-06-HMS_Calcutta.htm | vessel = HMS Calcutta | day = 6 | month = March | year= 1920}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|last=Mason|first=Geoffrey B.|title=HMS Calcutta - World War 1 C-type light cruiser: including Convoy Escort Movements|work=Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2|publisher=Naval-history.net|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-06CL-HMS_Calcutta.htm|accessdate=20 September 2015}}
9. ^{{cite news|title=The Hurricane: End of H.M.S. Valerian|work=The Daily Standard|location=Brisbane|date=26 October 1926|page=4|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article181005900}}
10. ^1 {{Harvnb|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|1992|p=18}}
11. ^{{cite web|last=Kindell|first=Don|title=Naval Events, May 1940 (Part 1 of 4): Wednesday 1st – Tuesday 7th|work=British and Other Navies in World War 2 Day-by-Day |publisher=Naval-history.net|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4005-14MAY01.htm|accessdate=20 September 2015}}
12. ^{{Harvnb|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|1992|p=21}}
13. ^{{Harvnb|Winser|1999|pp=15, 83}}
14. ^{{cite web|last=Kindell|first=Don|title=Naval Events, May 1940 (Part 4 of 4): Wednesday 22nd – Friday 31st|work=British and Other Navies in World War 2 Day-by-Day |publisher=Naval-history.net|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4005-14MAY04.htm|accessdate=26 September 2015}}
15. ^{{Harvnb|Winser|1999|pp=16, 83}}
16. ^{{Harvnb|Winser|1999|p=26}}
17. ^1 {{cite web|last=Kindell|first=Don|title=Naval Events, June 1940 (Part 1 of 4): Saturday 1st – Friday 7th|work=British and Other Navies in World War 2 Day-by-Day |publisher=Naval-history.net|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4006-19JUN01.htm|accessdate=26 September 2015}}
18. ^{{Harvnb|Winser|1999|p=30}}
19. ^{{Harvnb|Winser|1999|p=51}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=Operation Aerial - Evacuation from Western France, June 1940|work=Admiralty War Diaries of World War 2|publisher=Naval-history.net|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWDa-Aerial.htm|accessdate=26 September 2015}}
21. ^{{Harvnb|The Naval Review|April 1959|p=174}}
22. ^{{Harvnb|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|1992|pp=31–32}}
23. ^{{Harvnb|Barnett|2000|pp=228–234}}
24. ^{{Harvnb|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|1992|pp=37–38}}
25. ^{{cite web|last=Kindell|first=Don|title=Naval Events, October 1940 (Part 1 of 2): Tuesday 1st – Monday 14th|work=British and Other Navies in World War 2 Day-by-Day |publisher=Naval-history.net|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4010-23OCT01.htm|accessdate=26 September 2015}}
26. ^{{Harvnb|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|1992|pp=47–48}}
27. ^{{cite web|last=Kindell|first=Don|title=Naval Events, January 1941 (Part 1 of 2): Wednesday 1st – Tuesday 14th|work=British and Other Navies in World War 2 Day-by-Day |publisher=Naval-history.net|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4101-28JAN01.htm|accessdate=26 September 2015}}
28. ^{{Harvnb|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|1992|p=53}}
29. ^{{Harvnb|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|1992|p=56}}
30. ^{{Harvnb|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|1992|p=59}}
31. ^{{Harvnb|Barnett|2000|p=366}}
32. ^{{Harvnb|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|1992|p=60}}
33. ^{{Harvnb|Barnett|2000|pp=348–350}}
34. ^{{Harvnb|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|1992|p=61}}
35. ^{{cite web|last=Kindell|first=Don|title=Naval Events, May 1941 (Part 1 of 2): Thursday 1st – Wednesday 14th|work=British and Other Navies in World War 2 Day-by-Day |publisher=Naval-history.net|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4105-32MAY01.htm|accessdate=26 September 2015}}
36. ^{{Harvnb|Barnett|2000|pp=352–353}}
37. ^{{Harvnb|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|1992|p=64}}
38. ^{{Harvnb|Barnett|2000|pp=354–356}}
39. ^1 {{cite web|last=Kindell|first=Don|title=Naval Events, May 1941 (Part 2 of 2): Thursday 14th – Saturday 31st|work=British and Other Navies in World War 2 Day-by-Day |publisher=Naval-history.net|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWW2-4105-32MAY02.htm|accessdate=2 October 2015}}
40. ^{{Harvnb|Barnett|2000|pp=360, 362–363}}
41. ^{{Harvnb|Barnett|2000|p=363}}
42. ^{{Harvnb|Kemp|1999|p=148}}
  • {{cite book|last=Barnett|first=Correlli|title=Engage The Enemy More Closely: The Royal Navy in the Second World War|year=2000|publisher=Penguin|location=London|isbn=0-141-39008-5|ref=harv}}
  • {{Colledge}}
  • {{cite book|editor-last1=Gardiner|editor-first1=Robert|editor-last2=Gray|editor-first2=Randal|title=Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921|year=1985|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=London|isbn=0-85177-245-5|ref=harv}}
  • Jane's Fighting Ships of World War One (1919), Jane's Publishing Company
  • {{cite book|last=Kemp|first=Paul|title=The Admiralty Regrets: British Warship Losses of the 20th Century|year=1999|publisher=Sutton Publishing|location=Stroud, UK|isbn=0-7509-1567-6|ref = harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Parkes|first=Oscar|title=Jane's Fighting Ships 1931|year=1973|origyear=1931 |others=First published by Sampson Low, Marston, London|publisher=David & Charles (Publishers)|location=Newton Abbot, UK|isbn=0-7153-5849-9|ref={{harvid|Parkes|1931}}}}
  • {{cite book|last1=Rohwer|first1=Jürgen|last2=Hümmelchen|first2=Gerhard|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945|year=1992|publisher=Greenhill Books|location=London|isbn=978-1-85367-117-3|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite journal|author="Walrus"|title=The Loss of H.C.M.S. Fraser|journal=The Naval Review|date=April 1959|volume= XLVII|issue=2|pages=46–49|url=http://www.naval-review.com/issues/1950s/1959-2.pdf#46|ref={{harvid|The Naval Review|April 1959}}}}
  • {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia|year=1999|publisher=Brockhampton Press|location=London|isbn=1-86019-8740|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Winser|first=John de S.|title=B.E.F. Ships before, at and after Dunkirk|year=1999|publisher=World Ship Society|location=Gravesend, UK|isbn=0-905617-91-6|ref=harv}}
  • HMS Calcutta at uboot.net

External links

  • {{Cite web

|title= Royal Navy Log Books – HMS Calcutta
|accessdate= 15 December 2013
|url= http://www.naval-history.net/OWShips-WW1-06Calcutta.htm

}} Transcription of ship's logbooks September 1920 to September 1923

{{coord|32|00|N|28|00|E|display=title}}{{C class cruiser}}{{June 1940 shipwrecks}}{{June 1941 shipwrecks}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Calcutta}}

10 : 1918 ships|Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness|C-class cruisers|Maritime incidents in June 1940|Maritime incidents in June 1941|Cruisers sunk by aircraft|World War I cruisers of the United Kingdom|World War II cruisers of the United Kingdom|World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean|Ships sunk by German aircraft
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