| 词条 | HMS Coventry (1757) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
HMS Coventry was a 28-gun sixth-rate frigate of the Royal Navy, launched in 1757 and in active service as a privateer hunter during Seven Years' War, and as part of the British fleet in India during the Anglo-French War. After seventeen years' in British service she was captured by the French in 1783, off Ganjam in the Bay of Bengal. Thereafter she spent two years as part of the French Navy until January 1785 when she was removed from service at the port of Brest. She was broken up in 1786. DesignSir Thomas Slade designed Coventry "to the draught of the Tartar with such alterations withinboard as may be judged necessary", making her a further development of the Lyme. A further twelve ships were built to the draught of the Coventry between 1756 and 1763, as well as another five to a modified version of fir (pine) construction. The vessel was named after the city of Coventry in England's West Midlands. In selecting her name the Board of Admiralty continued a tradition, dating to 1644, of using geographic features; overall, ten of the nineteen Coventry-class vessels, including Coventry herself, were named after well-known regions, rivers or towns.[1][2] With few exceptions the remainder of the class were named after figures from classical antiquity, following a more modern trend initiated in 1748 by John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich in his capacity as First Lord of the Admiralty.[1][2]{{efn|The exceptions to these naming conventions were {{HMS|Hussar|1757|2}}, {{HMS|Active|1758|2}} and the final vessel in the class, {{HMS|Hind|1785|2}}[1][3]}} In sailing qualities Coventry was broadly comparable with French frigates of equivalent size, but with a shorter and sturdier hull and greater weight in her broadside guns. She was also comparatively broad-beamed which, when coupled with Adams' modifications to her hull, provided ample space for provisions, the ship's mess and a large magazine for powder and round shot.{{efn|Coventry{{'}}s dimensional ratios 3.57:1 in length to breadth, and 3.3:1 in breadth to depth, compare with standard French equivalents of up to 3.8:1 and 3:1 respectively. Royal Navy vessels of equivalent size and design to Coventry were capable of carrying up to 20 tons of powder and shot, compared with a standard French capacity of around 10 tons. They also carried greater stores of rigging, spars, sails and cables, but had fewer ship's boats and less space for the possessions of the crew.[4]}} Taken together, these characteristics would enable Coventry to remain at sea for long periods without resupply.[4][5] She was also built with broad and heavy masts, which balanced the weight of her hull, improved stability in rough weather and made her capable of carrying a greater quantity of sail. The disadvantages of this comparatively heavy design were a decline in manoeuvrability and slower speed when sailing in light winds.[6] CareerCoventry saw active service shortly after launch. On 19 December 1757 she was chasing the 14-gun French privateer Diamond when that vessel caught fire and exploded, likely as a result of sparks flying from her guns back into the powder room. Five days later, in company with the 36-gun frigate {{HMS|Brilliant|1757|6}}, Coventry engaged and defeated a 24-gun privateer, Le Dragon.[7] Six of Coventry{{'}}s sailors were wounded in the brief exchange of fire with the French vessel, compared with four killed and either 10 or 12 wounded aboard the privateer. A total of 280 French sailors survived the battle and were taken prisoner aboard Coventry and Brilliant.[8]Early on the morning of 10 August 1778, Admiral Edward Vernon's squadron, consisting of {{HMS|Rippon|1758|2}} (Vernon's flagship), Coventry, {{HMS|Seahorse|1748|2}}, {{HMS|Cormorant|1776|2}}, and the East India Company's ship Valentine, encountered a French squadron under Admiral François l'Ollivier de Tronjoly which consisted of the 64-gun ship of the line Le Brillant, the frigate La Pourvoyeuse, and three smaller ships, Sartine, Lauriston, and Brisson. An inconclusive action followed for about two hours in mid-afternoon. The French broke off the action and the British vessels were too damaged to be able to catch them up again. In the action the British suffered 11 men killed and 53 wounded, including one man killed and 20 wounded aboard Coventry.[9] Seahorse captured Sartine on 25 August 1778. Sartine had been patrolling off Pondichery with Pourvoyeuse when they sighted two East Indiamen, which were sailing blithely along, unaware of the outbreak of war. The French vessels gave chase lazily. Sartine{{'}}s captain, Count du Chaillar, first had to be roused from his bed ashore. The British merchant vessels escaped, but Sartine came too close to Vernon's squadron. Vernon sent Coventry and Seahorse after her and she surrendered after a short action. A French account remarks acidly that she surrendered to a frigate of her own size without a fight.[10] All four Royal Navy vessels in Vernon's squadron shared in the prize money.[11] (Vernon had already sent Valentine off with dispatches.) The Royal Navy took Sartine into service as the fifth-rate frigate {{HMS|Sartine|1778|6}}. On 12 August 1782, Coventry, under the command of Captain Andrew Mitchell encountered the French frigate Bellone off Friars Hood, Ceylon. After two-and-a-half hours, Bellone sailed away. Coventry pursued until Bellone reached the protection of the French fleet at Batacaloa. Coventry suffered 15 men killed and 29 wounded in the engagement.[12] CaptureOn 14 September 1782, Captain William Wolseley took command of Coventry. On the night of 12 January 1783, he sailed her towards four large vessels at Ganjam Roads, believing them to be some East Indiamen for which he was searching to convoy to Calcutta. He had no information that French vessels were in the area and so allowed the current to take him towards the vessels, the wind being weak. When he realized that they were French vessels, part of the fleet under Suffren, he was unable to escape. The French vessels opened fire and Wolseley had no choice but to surrender.[13] FateThe French sailed Coventry to Brest, where they decommissioned her in January 1785. She was broken up in 1786.[14][15] Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^1 2 Winfield 2007, pp. 227–231 2. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Manning|first=T. Davys|title=Ship Names|journal=The Mariner's Mirror|volume=43|issue=2|publisher=Society for Nautical Research|location=Portsmouth, United Kingdom|pages=93{{ndash}}96|doi=10.1080/00253359.1957.10658334|year=1957}} 3. ^Winfield 2007, p. 240 4. ^1 Gardiner 1992, pp. 115{{ndash}}116 5. ^Gardiner 1992, pp. 107{{ndash}}108 6. ^Gardiner 1992, pp. 111{{ndash}}112 7. ^Winfield 2007, p.193 8. ^{{London Gazette|page=2|issue=9755|date=7 January 1758}} 9. ^Anon. (1801), Section: Pon. 10. ^Barras (1895), Vol. 1, pp.371–2. 11. ^{{London Gazette|issue=12718|page=22|date=17 January 1786}} 12. ^Kippis (1784), p.169. 13. ^Hepper (1994), p.71. 14. ^Demerliac (1996), p.69, #430. 15. ^Winfield and Roberts (2015), p.122. Bibliography
6 : 1757 ships|Sixth-rate frigates of the Royal Navy|Captured ships|Maritime incidents in 1783|Frigates of the French Navy|Ships built on the Beaulieu River |
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