| 词条 | HMS Endurance (1967) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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HMS Endurance was a Royal Navy ice patrol vessel that served from 1967 to 1991. She came to public notice when she was involved in the Falklands War of 1982. The final surrender of the war in the South Sandwich Islands, took place aboard Endurance. BackgroundGrogerwerft of Germany built her in 1956 as Anita Dan for Lauritzen Lines. The UK government bought her in 1967 and had Harland & Wolff convert her. She was commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS Endurance, named after the sailing ship Endurance that took the explorer Ernest Shackleton's expedition to the Antarctic in 1914.[1] Operational history1967-1982The new Endurance maintained a UK presence in Antarctica and the Falkland Islands during the southern summer. She also supported the British Antarctic Survey. She had a bright red hull, as is common for polar vessels to aid visibility but otherwise uncommon for the Royal Navy, so her crew nicknamed her The Red Plum. In February 1972 when the cruise ship Lindblad Explorer ran aground, Endurance was in the vicinity under Captain Rodney Bowden[2] and took part in the rescue. The Ministry of Defence's 1981 Defence White Paper proposed naval cuts including decommissioning Endurance, which was scheduled for 15 April 1982.[3] Falklands War{{Main article|Events leading to the Falklands War}}Endurance{{'}}s withdrawal from Antarctic patrol without replacement was perceived in Britain [4][5] as having encouraged the Argentine invasion. The subsequent Franks Report acknowledged it as a factor. On 19 March 1982, while Endurance was at Stanley, South Georgia was occupied by Argentine civilians. The ship, commanded by Captain Nick Barker, was sent to order the Argentines off the island. Endurance had a small Royal Marines detachment and took further Marines from Naval Party 8901 (NP 8901), and sailed on 21 March for South Georgia. Arriving on 25 March 1982 Endurance encountered the Argentine transport {{ship|ARA|Bahía Paraíso||6}}, which had landed 40 Argentine troops. Endurance landed her marines, then returned to the Falklands on 30 March. In April the UK command ordered Endurance to join the UK Task Force, which in April landed SBS soldiers at Hound Bay on South Georgia on 22 April. Task Force vessels moved into deeper waters as a precaution against Argentine submarines, but Endurance moved into sea ice near the shore. Endurance was involved in combat action on 25 April 1982 when her two Wasp ASW helicopters took part in attacks on the submarine {{ship|ARA|Santa Fe|S-21|6}}, which was later abandoned by her crew. When Argentine forces surrendered the next day, Endurance remained near the island to show the UK flag, maintain a naval presence, and guard the waters. Endurance also took part in the rescue of wildlife film-makers Cindy Buxton and Annie Price, who were caught up in the war while working on South Georgia.[6]{{Main article|Operation Keyhole}}After the Argentine surrender of the Falkland Islands, Endurance, HMS Yarmouth, RFA Olmeda and the tug Salvageman sailed to the South Sandwich Islands where Argentina had established a base in South Thule since 1976. Endurance was carrying a Wessex helicopter for the first time, in addition to her two Wasps. The ten Argentine military personnel surrendered after they saw HMS Yarmouth's firing display and when they realised recce marines from Endurance and 42 Commando Royal Marines had landed. The surrender was signed in the wardroom of Endurance.[7] 1983-1991Toward the end of her life the ship was nicknamed HMS Encumbrance due to reliability problems. In 1989 she struck an iceberg and although she was repaired, a survey in 1991 found that her hull was not sound enough for a return to Antarctica, so she was finally decommissioned. She was replaced by {{MV|Polar Circle||2}}, later renamed {{HMS|Endurance|A171|6}}. See also
References1. ^{{Cite book |last1=Morrell |first1=Margot|last2=Capparell |first2=Stephanie|year=2001 |title=Shackleton's Way: Leadership Lessons from the Great Antarctic Explorer|place=London |publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-1012-0029-2|page=Preface}} 2. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1475875/Captain-Rodney-Bowden.html |title=Captain Rodney Bowden |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=5 November 2004}} 3. ^{{cite book |last=Gibran |first=Daniel K |year=1998 |title=The Falklands War: Britain versus the past in the South Atlantic |place= |publisher=McFarland & Co |isbn=978-0-7864-0406-3 |page=49}} 4. ^House of Commons debate 23 March 1982; Hansard Vol 20 col 798–801 5. ^The Times 25 March 1982, p 13: letter from BG Frew, Hon Sec UK Falkland Islands Committee 6. ^{{Cite book |last1=Buxton |first1=Cindy |last2=Price |first2=Annie |year=1983 |title=Survival South Atlantic |place=London |publisher=Granada |isbn=0-246-12087-8 |page=xiii}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://issuu.com/navynews/docs/198208|title=The race to regain Thule|newspaper=Navy News p.21|date=August 1982}} External links
7 : 1956 ships|Falklands War in South Georgia|Falklands War naval ships of the United Kingdom|Icebreakers of the United Kingdom|Patrol vessels of the United Kingdom|Ships built in Germany|Survey vessels of the Royal Navy |
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