| 词条 | HMS Faulknor (1914) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
HMS Faulknor was a British destroyer of the First World War. She was purchased by the Royal Navy whilst still under construction in Britain for the Chilean Navy who had ordered her in 1912 as part of the {{sclass-|Almirante Lynch|destroyer (1912)|4}}. She was renamed after the Faulknor family of British nineteenth century naval officers. Faulknor was a large destroyer leader that served throughout the war in the Dover Patrol, a force tasked with preventing German raiding craft gaining access to the English Channel where vulnerable troopships and other targets were constantly available. Faulknor conducted numerous operations against the coastline of German-held Belgium, including participating in both the First and Second Ostend Raid during the spring of 1918. In 1920, following the end of the war, Faulknor and her surviving sisters were all returned to Chile, where she served as Almirante Riveros until 1933. Construction and designIn 1912, Chile placed an order for six large destroyers, the {{sclass-|Almirante Lynch|destroyer (1912)|4}}, from the Cowes, Isle of Wight shipbuilder J. Samuel White in response to large destroyers ordered by Argentina.[1][2] Almirante Simpson, the third of the class, was launched on 26 February 1914 and purchased, almost complete, by the Royal Navy on the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914.[1] She was renamed Faulknor and commissioned on 25 August 1914.[3][4] White's design was {{convert|331|ft|3|in|m|}} long overall and {{convert|320|ft|0|in}} between perpendiculars, with a beam of {{convert|32|ft|6|in|m}} and a draught of {{convert|11|ft|8+1/2|in|m|2}}.[5] Displacement was {{convert|1430|LT|t}} normal and {{convert|1800|-|1850|LT|t}} full load.[6] Six White-Forster boilers with mixed oil- and coal-firing fed steam at {{convert|220|psi}} to Parsons steam turbines driving three shafts. The machinery was rated at {{convert|30000|shp|kW}}, giving a speed of {{convert|31|kn}}. Four funnels were fitted, with one thin funnel forwards and three larger funnels. The forward funnel was raised by {{convert|6|ft|m}} following sea trials.[7][8] 403 tons of coal and 83 tons of oil were carried, giving a range of {{convert|2405|nmi}} at {{convert|15|kn}}.[5] The ship was completed with a main gun armament of six 4-inch (102 mm) Mk. VI guns, with two mounted side-by-side on the ship's forecastle forward of the bridge, one on either side of the bridge, and two side-by-side right aft. These guns were of an Elswick design for export to Chile, and fired a {{convert|31|lb|adj=on}} shell to a range of {{convert|11630|yd|m}}.[8][9][10] A single 1{{frac|1|2}}-pounder pom-pom was fitted, although this was later replaced by a 2-pounder gun. Four single 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo-tubes were mounted singly on the ship's sides.[11][9] In 1918, she was rearmed based on experience of Dover Patrol operations, with the side-by-side 4-inch guns mounted fore-and-aft removed and replaced by two single BL 4.7 inch (120 mm) /45 guns. These could fire a {{convert|50|lb|kg|adj=on}} shell to {{convert|15800|yd|m}}.[12][13] ServiceFaulknor took part in a sweep by the cruiser {{HMS|Fearless|1912|2}} and 10 destroyers off the mouth of the River Ems on 25 October 1914 which acted as a diversion for a planned raid by aircraft from the seaplane carriers {{HMS|Engadine|1911|2}} and {{HMS|Riviera||2}}, escorted by the Harwich Force, on the German airship base near Cuxhaven. Poor weather led to the abandonment of the operation, however, with four of the six aircraft unable to take off.[14] On 5–7 November and 9–11 November Faulknor took part in patrols off the Dutch coast with the Harwich Force.[15] In November 1914, Faulknor was recorded as part of the 1st Destroyer Flotilla of the Grand Fleet.[16] Early in February 1915, Faulknor took part in anti-submarine sweeps in the Irish Sea as a response to operations by {{Ship|SM|U-21|Germany|2}} which sank three small steamers on 30 January,[17] and then in escorting the ships carrying the 1st Canadian Division from Avonmouth to St Nazaire.[18] By March 1915, Faulknor had transferred to the 4th Destroyer Flotilla.[19] On 12 March 1915, Faulknor and six destroyers were detached from the Grand Fleet for anti-submarine operations in the Irish Sea where the German submarines {{Ship|SM|U-20|Germany|2}} and {{Ship|SM|U-27|Germany|2}} were active, disrupting the operations of the Northern Patrol,[20][21] but they were recalled on 15 March as a result of increased submarine activity off Rosyth.[22] On 1 July 1915, {{Ship|SM|U-25||2}} attempted to torpedo the cruiser {{HMS|Hampshire|1903|2}} off Noss Head near Wick, Caithness. Faulknor led an unsuccessful search by twelve destroyers together with several trawlers for the German submarine.[23]Faulknor was still part of the 4th Flotilla in March 1916, but by 24 April 1916 was leader of the 12th Destroyer Flotilla of the Grand Fleet based at Scapa Flow.[24][25] Faulknor was still leader of the 12th Destroyer Flotilla at the Battle of Jutland on 31 May-1 June 1916, operating in support of the Grand Fleet.[26] From about 19:15 hr Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), the Germans launched a series of torpedo-boat attacks against the British battle line, and the 12th Flotilla got into a brief exchange of fire with German torpedo boats of the 3rd Torpedo-Boat Flotilla. Faulknor then fired on the German torpedo boat {{SMS|V48||2}}, which had been disabled in an earlier action with {{HMS|Shark|1912|2}}, and ordered four destroyers of her flotilla ({{HMS|Obedient|1916|2}}, {{HMS|Mindful|1915|2}}, {{HMS|Marvel|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Onslaught|1915|2}}) to finish off V48, with the German destroyer being sunk by gunfire from the four British ships.[27][28] At about 01:43 hr GMT on 1 June, Faulknor spotted a group of German battleships and manoeuvred to set up a torpedo attack by her flotilla. Faulknor fired two torpedoes at the German battle line, and while she claimed a single hit, both torpedoes missed although one narrowly missed the German battleship {{SMS|Grosser Kurfürst|1913|2}}. One torpedo from Onslaught sunk the predreadnought battleship {{SMS|Pommern||2}}.[29]On 2 November 1916, the German submarine {{ship|SM|U-30|Germany|2}} suffered double engine failure {{convert|25|mi|km}} west of Bergen, Norway, with {{ship|SM|U-20|Germany|2}} responding to U-30{{'}} s distress signals and taking the stricken submarine under tow. U-30{{'}}s radio signals were also picked up by the British who despatched three formations of warships to intercept the two submarines. Faulknor set off from Cromarty with six destroyers of the 12th Flotilla on 3 November, but was recalled later that day when the British intercepted signals indicating that U-30 had got her engines working again. Both submarines ran aground off Denmark on 4 November, and while U-30 managed to free herself, U-20 could not and was scuttled on 5 November.[30] Notes1. ^1 {{Harvnb|Gardiner|Gray|1985|p=78}} 2. ^{{Harvnb|Friedman|2009|pp=138–139}} 3. ^{{Harvnb|Friedman|2009|p=309}} 4. ^{{cite magazine|title=184: Faulknor (Dev.): Flotilla Leader| journal=The Naval List|date=October 1914 |page=316|url=http://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/pageturner.cfm?id=91904178}} 5. ^1 {{Harvnb|Friedman|2009|p=297}} 6. ^{{Harvnb|Gardiner|Gray|1985|p=409}} 7. ^{{Harvnb|Friedman|2009|p=144}} 8. ^1 {{Harvnb|Gardiner|Gray|1985|p=77}} 9. ^1 {{Harvnb|Friedman|2009|pp=278–279}} 10. ^{{cite web|last=DiGiulian|first=Tony|title=Britain: 4"/40 (10.2 cm) QF Mark VI and Mark X|work=Naval Weapons of the World: From 1880 to Today|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_4-40_mk6.htm|date=12 February 2012|accessdate=10 July 2016}} 11. ^{{Harvnb|Gardiner|Gray|1985|pp=77–78}} 12. ^{{Harvnb|Friedman|2009|p=146}} 13. ^{{cite web|last=DiGiulian|first=Tony|title=Britain: 4.7"/45 (12 cm) BL Mark I, 4.7"/45 (12 cm) BL Mark II |work=Naval Weapons of the World: From 1880 to Today|url=http://navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_47-45_mk1.htm|date=25 May 2014|accessdate=10 July 2016}} 14. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 24|1924|pp=139–140}} 15. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 28|1925|pp=32–33}} 16. ^{{cite web|title=Ships of the Royal Navy - Location/Action Data, 1914–1918: Admiralty "Pink Lists" - 1 November 1914|work=World War I at Sea|publisher=Naval-History.net|url=http://www.naval-history.net/WW1NavyBritishShips-Locations2PL1411.htm|accessdate=10 July 2016}} 17. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 29|1925|pp=13–15}} 18. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 29|1925|p=56}} 19. ^{{cite magazine|title=Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers Commands, &c.: Flotillas|journal=The Navy List|date=March 1915|page=14|url=http://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/pageturner.cfm?id=91953738}} 20. ^{{Harvnb|Jellicoe|1919|p=210}} 21. ^{{Harvnb|Corbett|1921|pp=277–278}} 22. ^{{Harvnb|Corbett|1921|pp=280–281}}. 23. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 30|1926|p=22}} 24. ^{{cite magazine|title=Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officers Commands, &c.: Flotillas|journal=The Navy List|date=March 1916|page=12|url=http://digital.nls.uk/british-military-lists/pageturner.cfm?id=92030242}} 25. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 32|1927|p=45}} 26. ^{{Harvnb|Campbell|1998|pp=14, 25}} 27. ^{{Harvnb|Campbell|1998|pp=162, 210–215}} 28. ^{{Harvnb|Official Despatches|1920|pp=331–332}} 29. ^{{Harvnb|Campbell|1998|pp=297–300}} 30. ^{{Harvnb|Naval Staff Monograph No. 33|1927|pp=196–198, Plan 14}}
6 : Almirante Lynch-class destroyers (1912)|Faulknor-class flotilla leaders|Ships built on the Isle of Wight|1914 ships|World War I destroyers of the United Kingdom|Almirante Williams-class destroyers |
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