| 词条 | HMS Fearless (1912) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
HMS Fearless was one of three {{sclass-|Active|cruiser|0}} scout cruisers built for the Royal Navy shortly before the First World War. Upon completion in 1913, the ship was assigned to the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron (LCS) of the 1st Fleet. She became flotilla leader of the 1st Destroyer Flotilla (DF) shortly before the start of the war in August 1914 and was transferred to the Harwich Force shortly after it began. Fearless participated in the Battle of Heligoland Bight and the Cuxhaven Raid later that year. The ship was transferred to the Grand Fleet in early 1915 and played a minor role in the Battle of Jutland the following year. Fearless was converted into a submarine depot ship shortly afterwards and briefly deployed to Russia later in the year. She later became the flotilla leader of the 12th Submarine Flotilla (SF), initially based in Scapa Flow, but later in Rosyth. In early 1918, she accidentally rammed and sank one submarine from a different flotilla as part of an incident that sardonically came to be known as the Battle of May Island. The ship survived the war and was sold for scrap in 1921. Design and descriptionThe Active-class ships were the last class of turbine-powered scout cruisers ordered by the Admiralty. These ships were intended to work with destroyer flotillas, leading their torpedo attacks and backing them up when attacked by other destroyers, although they quickly became less useful as destroyer speeds increased before the First World War. Fearless had a length between perpendiculars of {{convert|405|ft|m|1}}, a beam of {{convert|41|ft|m|1}} and a draught of {{convert|14|ft|6|in|m|1}}. She displaced {{convert|3340|LT|t|0}} at normal load and {{convert|3945|LT|t|0|}} at deep load. Her crew consisted of 289 officers and other ranks.[1] The main armament of the Active class consisted of ten breech-loading (BL) {{convert|4|in|mm|0|adj=on}} Mk VII guns. The forward pair of guns were mounted side by side on a platform on the forecastle, six were amidships, three on each broadside, and the two remaining guns were on the centreline of the quarterdeck, one ahead of the other.[2] The guns fired their {{convert|31|lb|adj=on}} shells to a range of about {{convert|11400|yd}}.[3] Her secondary armament was four quick-firing (QF) three-pounder {{convert|47|mm|in|abbr=on|order=flip}} Vickers Mk I guns and two submerged 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes. In 1918, two 4-inch guns were removed from the ship. A QF three-inch 20 cwt[4] anti-aircraft gun was added to Fearless that same year.[5] As scout cruisers, the ships were only lightly protected to maximise their speed. They had a curved protective deck that was {{convert|1|in|mm|0|spell=in}} thick on the slope and {{convert|0.5|in}} on the flat.[6] Their conning tower was protected by four inches of armour.[5] Construction and careerFearless, the fifth ship of that name to serve in the Royal Navy,[7] was laid down at Pembroke Royal Dockyard on 15 November 1911, launched on 12 June 1912 and completed in October 1913.[5] The ship was assigned to the 1st LCS when she commissioned that same month.[8] Fearless was serving as the leader of the DF as of 18 July 1914[9] and was transferred, together with her flotilla, to the Harwich Force after the start of the war.[5] On the morning of 4 August, Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt, commander of the Harwich Force, led the 1st and 3rd Destroyer Flotillas on a patrol southeast to the vicinity of Borkum, one of the East Frisian Islands, off the Dutch coast. Fearless and her flotilla encountered nothing of note, but the 3rd Flotilla sank the German minelayer {{SS|Königin Luise|1913|2}}, although they accidentally sailed over the minefield that she'd just laid on the return voyage and Fearless{{'}}s sister ship {{HMS|Amphion|1911|2}} struck a mine and sank. On the morning of 17 August, the 1st DF was at sea when some of its destroyers were attacked by the light cruiser {{SMS|Stralsund}}. They correctly identified the German ship, but Fearless{{'}}s lookouts misidentified her as an armoured cruiser and her captain ordered his ships to fall back and wait for assistance. After learning of the mistake, he ordered his ships to turn around and attack Stralsund, but it was too late and the Germans had turned for home after misidentifying a distant British ship as another cruiser.[10]Battle of Heligoland Bight{{main|Battle of Heligoland Bight (1914)}}The Battle of Heligoland Bight was a British attack on German forces patrolling the Heligoland Bight by the two destroyer flotillas of the Harwich Force on 28 August, supported by a submarine flotilla and the 1st LCS and battlecruisers from the Grand Fleet. The Germans were taken by surprise and the leading 3rd DF damaged several torpedo boats before the light cruiser {{SMS|Stettin}} made an appearance around 08:00; Fearless hit her once about five minutes later and knocked out one of her guns before the German ship disappeared back into the fog.[11] The Harwich Force turned west at 08:12 to disengage before any further German cruisers made an appearance, but Fearless spotted the torpedo boat {{SMS|V-187}} three minutes later and opened fire without visible effect and V-187 was able to briefly disengage before being spotted by two light cruisers from the 1st LCS and several British destroyers that sank her.[12] In the meantime, Tyrwhitt's flagship, {{HMS|Arethusa|1913|2}}, was badly damaged by {{SMS|Frauenlob}} and Fearless rendezvoused with her at 08:55 to cover her withdrawal. Around 10:35, {{SMS|Strassburg}} spotted Arethusa and opened fire, but was driven off by the fire from Fearless and the combined destroyers of both flotillas. Shortly afterwards, {{SMS|Cöln|1909|2}} made a brief appearance before disengaging in the face of the massed British ships.[13] Strassburg, however, reappeared around 11:10 and opened fire on Arethusa again. The repeated appearances by the German cruisers caused Tyrwhitt to ask for assistance from the ships detached from the Grand Fleet. Vice-Admiral David Beatty's battlecruisers turned south at 11:35, right after the 1st DF became embroiled with {{SMS|Mainz}}. Without Fearless in close support, things looked bad for the British destroyers as they had expended many of their torpedoes earlier in the battle, but the 1st LCS came into sight from the north at 11:50 and quickly began hitting the German cruiser. Shortly afterwards, Mainz was able to turn away into a fogbank, but that put her squarely in the path of Fearless and the rest of the Harwich Force. Fearless soon disabled Mainz{{'}}s rudder and she began slowly circling. The British ships ceased fire after her last gun ceased firing at 12:25, just as Cöln and Strassburg came into sight from the north. Fearless and three destroyers turned north to engage the cruisers, just as the battlecruisers made an appearance. They drove off those two ships and were later able to sink Cöln and {{SMS|Ariadne}} as they showed through the mists. While this was happening, the Harwich Force resumed its withdrawal with Fearless taking the crippled destroyer {{HMS|Laertes|1913|2}} in tow.[14]The first attempt to bomb the Zeppelin sheds south of Cuxhaven, Germany was on 24 October, but had to be cancelled because of bad weather. Another was made on 23 November, but it was cancelled when intercepted radio signals revealed that a squadron of armoured cruisers was in their path.[15] The third attempt began on 24 December, with Fearless and eight destroyers from the 1st DF providing close cover for the strike force. The Germans noticed the strike force about 07:30 on the 25th after it had launched its seaplanes north the island of Heligoland. In response, the Germans launched their own aircraft and a Zeppelin to find and attack the British ships; another Zeppelin already airborne was diverted to search for them as well. The British were soon located, but the German attacks by two seaplanes and a Zeppelin were ineffective.[16] Another seaplane attacked Fearless and her half-flotilla without effect and was driven off by the cruiser. After the ships had reached the rendezvous point to pick up the returning aircraft, they were attacked by another Zeppelin, again without effect.[17] About two weeks prior to the Cuxhaven Raid, German radio traffic had alerted the Admiralty of a German attack on an English port on 15 December. Without knowing the target, the Admiralty realised that it was impossible to intercept the attack, but that it could position forces to get between the High Seas Fleet and its bases. It therefore ordered Fearless and the Harwich Force to patrol the southern North Sea and to shadow the German ships if they were spotted, but the Germans were too far north to intercept.[18] In the aftermath of the Battle of Dogger Bank, the Admiralty believed further raids by battlecruisers would be the most likely course of action selected by the Germans, so it reorganised the Grand Fleet to make better to respond to further raids. One part of this was to reinforce Beatty's new Battlecruiser Fleet with Fearless and her flotilla on 21 February 1915, based at Rosyth, Scotland. Less than a month later, she was ordered to sea, together with nine destroyers, on 9 March to command the successful search for the recently spotted submarine {{SMU|U-12|Germany|2}}. Six months later, two battlecruiser squadrons, escorted by Fearless and most of the 1st DF, covered the laying of minefields in the southern North Sea on 10 September.[19] Battle of Jutland{{main|Battle of Jutland}}As the Battlecruiser Fleet was cruising south searching for the German battlecruisers on 31 May 1916, Fearless and her destroyers were screening the fast battleships of the 5th Battle Squadron (BS) which was trailing the two battlecruiser squadrons. When the British turned north after spotting the main body of the High Seas Fleet, the 1st DF fell in on the unengaged side of the 5th BS so that their funnel smoke would not obscure the battleships' view of their German opposite numbers. As they got further north, the destroyers pushed forward to screen the battlecruisers while Fearless was too slow to stay with them and remained on the unengaged side of the 5th BS, and later of the Grand Fleet after the two forces rendezvoused. As night fell, she found herself trailing the 1st Battle Squadron. That squadron's flagship, {{HMS|Marlborough|1912|2}}, had been torpedoed earlier, but by the middle of the night she was forced to reduce speed and turn for home. Vice-Admiral Cecil Burney, the squadron commander, summoned Fearless to the flagship to transfer him and his staff to the battleship {{HMS|Revenge|1915|2}}. Fearless was then ordered to escort Marlborough home. The return voyage was rather eventful as the two ships engaged a Zeppelin without effect early on the morning of 1 June and Marlborough was near-missed by {{SMU|U-46}} about 10:55. Later that evening the weather worsened and the water was rising faster than it could be pumped out. At 00:47 on 2 June, the battleship warned Fearless and her escorting destroyers that they should be prepared to come alongside and rescue her crew. This proved unnecessary as the pumps began to draw ahead of the incoming water and the destroyers laid an oil slick to moderate the waves ahead of Marlborough. She reached the Humber at 08:00 and Fearless departed for South Queensferry later that morning. She was undamaged during the battle and only fired three 4-inch rounds during the entire battle.[20] The ship arrived at Belfast, Northern Ireland, on 19 July to begin a lengthy refit to convert her into a submarine depot ship that lasted until 4 October. Nine days later, Fearless sailed for Murmansk, Russia, and arrived there on the 19th to serve as the depot ship for several British G-class submarines based there. The ship sailed back to Britain on 15 November, together with all three of her submarines.[21] By January 1917 she was the leader of the 12th Submarine Flotilla of the Grand Fleet, made up of the notoriously accident-prone K-class steam-powered submarines,[22] that was based at Scapa Flow. From 3–17 March, Fearless was refitted at Invergordon. On 17 July, she and her flotilla transferred to Rosyth, Scotland.[21] On the evening of 31 January 1918, the Light Cruiser Force sortied from Rosyth to participate in a training exercise with elements of the Grand Fleet. The 12th and 13th Submarine Flotillas were sandwiched by squadrons of battlecruisers and battleships as the ships departed in poor visibility. Around 19:14 the steering gear of one of the 13th SF's submarines failed and she fell out of the formation. One of the trailing submarines did not see her in time and accidentally rammed her, badly damaging both boats. Commander William Leir commanded the 13th SF and decided to turn his flotilla around to their aid after he was notified of the accident around 17:40. In doing so, his ships crossed the path of the oncoming 12th SF and Fearless accidentally rammed and sank the submarine {{HMS|K17}}. Captain Charles Little attempted to avoid her, but the cruiser was moving too fast to do so. She launched her boats in a failed attempt to rescue any survivors, but the few found were recovered by one of the other submarines. The bulkheads in Fearless bow had to be shored up to prevent further flooding, but she was not in any danger of sinking and returned to Rosyth at a very slow speed.[23] She was repaired and survived the war, but was sold for scrap in November 1921.[5] Notes1. ^Friedman 2009, pp. 113, 295 2. ^Gardiner & Gray, p. 50 3. ^Friedman 2011, pp. 75–76 4. ^"Cwt" is the abbreviation for hundredweight, 20 cwt referring to the weight of the gun. 5. ^1 2 3 4 Gardiner & Gray, p. 53 6. ^Friedman 2009, p. 295 7. ^Colledge, p. 124 8. ^{{cite web|title=The Navy List|url=https://archive.org/details/navylistnov1913grea|website=National Library of Scotland|date=18 October 1913|publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office|location=London|accessdate=31 March 2016|page=269}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=The Navy List|url=https://archive.org/details/navylistaug1914grea|website=National Library of Scotland|date=18 July 1914|publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office|location=London|accessdate=31 March 2016|page=269a}} 10. ^Goldrick, pp. 84–87, 96–97 11. ^Goldrick, pp. 111–19 12. ^Corbett, I, pp. 105–06 13. ^Goldrick, pp. 117, 119, 121–24 14. ^Goldrick, pp. 124–33 15. ^Goldrick, pp. 166–67, 190 16. ^Castle, pp. 56–62 17. ^Goldrick, pp. 238–39 18. ^Corbett, II, p. 21; Goodrick, pp. 196–200, 208–09 19. ^Corbett, II, pp. 131, 279; Corbett, III, p. 128 20. ^Campbell, pp. 30, 101, 151, 283, 296, 310, 324–26, 360; Transcript 21. ^1 Transcript 22. ^{{cite web|title=Supplement to the Monthly Navy List Showing the Organisation of the Fleet, Flag Officer's Commands, &c.|url=https://archive.org/details/navylistjan1916grea|website=National Library of Scotland|publisher=Admiralty|date=January 1917|accessdate=1 April 2016|page=12}} 23. ^Nash, pp. 44–45, 50, 52–58, 63–64, 68–69 Footnotes{{reflist|30em}}Bibliography
External links{{Commons category|HMS Fearless (ship, 1913)}}
5 : Active-class cruisers|Ships built in Pembroke Dock|1912 ships|World War I cruisers of the United Kingdom|Maritime incidents in 1918 |
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