| 词条 | HMS Starfish (19S) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
HMS Starfish was a first-batch S-class submarine (often called the Swordfish class) built for the Royal Navy during the 1930s. Completed in 1933, she participated in the Second World War. During the war, Starfish, part of the 2nd Submarine Flotilla, conducted five uneventful war patrols in the North Sea. On 9 January 1940, during her sixth patrol, she attacked a German minesweeper off Heligoland Bight, but after the attack failed and her diving planes jammed, Starfish was repeatedly attacked with depth charges. Badly damaged, she was forced to surface, and sank after all her crew was rescued by German ships. Design and descriptionThe S-class submarines were designed as successors to the L class and were intended to operate in the North and Baltic Seas.[1] The submarines had a length of {{convert|202|ft|6|in|m|1}} overall, a beam of {{convert|24|ft|m|1}} and a mean draught of {{convert|11|ft|11|in|m|1}}. They displaced {{convert|730|LT|t}} on the surface and {{convert|927|LT|t}} submerged.[2] The S-class submarines had a crew of 38 officers and ratings. They had a diving depth of {{convert|300|ft|1}}.[3] For surface running, the boats were powered by two {{convert|775|bhp|lk=in|0|adj=on}} diesel engines, each driving one propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a {{convert|650|hp|0|adj=on}} electric motor. They could reach {{convert|13.75|kn|lk=in}} on the surface and {{convert|10|kn}} underwater.[4] On the surface, the first-batch boats had a range of {{convert|3700|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}} and {{convert|64|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|2|kn}} submerged.[3] The boats were armed with six 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in the bow. They carried six reload torpedoes for a grand total of a dozen torpedoes. They were also armed with a 3-inch (76 mm) deck gun.[2] Construction and careerOrdered on 16 March 1931, HMS Starfish was laid down at Chatham Royal Dockyard on 29 September 1931 and was launched on 14 March 1933. She was commissioned later that year, on 27 October 1933.[2] At the onset of World War II, Starfish was a member of the 2nd Submarine Flotilla. From 23–26 August 1939, the 2nd Submarine Flotilla deployed to the war bases at Dundee and Blyth.[5] On 24 August 1939, Starfish, under the command of Lt. Thomas Anthony Turner, departed her homeport for it first patrol, southwest of Stavanger, Norway. On the First of September, a rating on board Starfish suffered a severe injury to the head, and her commander decided to return to port. When Britain declared war with Nazi Germany on September 3, this became her first war patrol although she arrived at Dundee later that day. On the eleventh, she left port for her second combat patrol, in the same area as the first. After an uneventful patrol, Starfish returned to Dundee on September 21.[9] Starfish departed port on 4 October for her third war patrol, to the northwest of Bergen, Norway. On 17 October, she finished her uneventful third patrol at Rosyth. On October 28 Starfish left Rosyth for a patrol in the North Sea, off Dogger Bank. Again her patrol was uneventful, and Starfish returned to Blyth on 7 November. She left again for her fifth patrol, southwest of Norway, then later to the west of Denmark. On 8 December, Starfish ended her patrol, which had been uneventful, at Blyth.[9]On 6 January 1940, Starfish departed for her sixth and last combat patrol, off Heligoland Bight. On 9 January at 10:40 (UTC), she sighted the German minesweeper M-7 and attacked it in position {{Coord|55|00|N|07|10|E}}. However, the attack failed because, due to drill errors, the torpedoes were not fired. Starfish commenced a second attack but her diving planes jammed, and her commander decided to submerge to the {{convert|27|m|ft|1}} deep bottom to conduct repairs. According to Captain Turner in his postwar report, Starfish was located by the German minesweeper, who dropped two depth charges which caused no damage. At 10:50, a crew member asked for permission to restart one of the motors to prevent the gyro from wandering. Permission was granted, but no sooner the motor had been started, four depth charges were dropped directly above the boat, causing widespread damage. At 14:40, another attack was carried out, and twenty depth charges exploded close to the submarine's hull, damaging rivets and causing leaking. By 18:00 Starfish was severely flooded, and her commander, seeing the Germans would not leave, gave the order to surface at 18:20. She was forced to drop her ballast keel, coming up at a 45° angle due to due to flooding. All crew were rescued and taken as prisoners of war, and Starfish sank shortly after.[9] In July 1940, a diving mission was sent to locate her wreck and secret documents, but the attempt was unsuccessful.[6] Notes1. ^Harrison, Chapter 16 2. ^1 2 Chesneau, p. 49 3. ^1 McCartney, p. 4 4. ^Bagnasco, p. 110 5. ^Rohwer, p.1 6. ^1 2 3 HMS Starfish, uboat.net References
6 : 1933 ships|British S-class submarines (1931)|Lost submarines of the United Kingdom|Maritime incidents in January 1940|World War II shipwrecks in the North Sea|World War II submarines of the United Kingdom |
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