“HMS Tartar (F43)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

HMS Tartar was a {{sclass2-|Tribal|destroyer (1936)|0}} destroyer of the Royal Navy that saw service in most of the naval theatres of World War II. She had an eventful career, eventually receiving the nickname 'Lucky Tartar' due to her numerous escapes from dangerous situations.^[1] She was one of only four from the sixteen Royal Navy-operated Tribal-class destroyers to survive the war.

Construction and career

Tartar was ordered on 12 June 1936 under the 1936 Naval Estimates, and was built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson, at Wallsend, Tyne and Wear. She was laid down on 26 August 1936 and launched on 21 October 1937. She was completed and commissioned on 10 March 1939 and was equipped for use as a Flotilla leader. On ordering, she had been allocated the pennant number G43, but this was changed to F43 before completion.

After commissioning she was assigned to the 2nd Tribal Destroyer Flotilla of the Home Fleet, and was later transferred to the re-designated 6th Destroyer Flotilla. A period of trials and exercises was interrupted by the sinking of the submarine {{HMS|Thetis|N25|2}} in Liverpool Bay on 1 June 1939. Tartar was one of the Home Fleet ships sent to the scene of the accident to assist in search and recovery efforts, and formed the Headquarters ship for rescue operations. Further work-up exercises revealed defects, and Tartar was under repair in Devonport Dockyard until the end of July 1939, after which she joined the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow. During her trials Tartar made {{convert|35.948|kn|lk=in}} at 362.5 RPM with {{convert|44077|shp|kW|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|2025|LT|t}}.^[2]

Home Waters: the North Sea

On the outbreak of the Second World War, she carried out a number of activities with her flotilla, including screening major warships, intercepting blockade runners and commerce raiders and anti-submarine patrols. On 24 November, she was deployed with other Home Fleet ships to search for the German light battleships {{ship|German battleship|Scharnhorst||2}} and {{ship|German battleship|Gneisenau||2}} after the sinking of the armed merchant cruiser {{HMS|Rawalpindi}}.

By December she was experiencing extensive leaking due to high speed operations in heavy weather conditions. This was a defect common to the Tribal-class destroyers, and Tartar was under repair at the yards of Alexander Stephen and Sons in Govan on the River Clyde until 29 December. January and February 1940 were spent escorting convoys to and from Norway, and screening fleet units. In March, she and {{HMS|Mohawk|F31|2}} escorted the ocean liner {{RMS|Queen Elizabeth}} through the Western Approaches on her maiden voyage, before moving to Rosyth to carry out convoy escort duties.

In April, Tartar escorted convoys HN-24 and HN-25, with breaks to search for German warships operating in the North Sea. She then supported allied operations off Norway, including escorting the damaged cruiser {{HMS|Suffolk|55|2}} and covering the evacuation of allied troops from Åndalsnes and Molde. She continued to operate off Norway until the end of May, at which point she returned to Scapa Flow. She was back in the North Sea in early June, escorting the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Ark Royal|91|6}} and the battleship {{HMS|Valiant|1914|2}}. She also escorted a number of allied evacuation convoys, and carried out another unsuccessful search for Scharnhorst and Gneisenau after the sinking of the aircraft carrier {{HMS|Glorious|77|2}}.

Tartar then embarked in an anti-submarine patrol with sisters {{HMS|Bedouin|F67|2}} and {{HMS|Mashona|F59|2}}. On 19 June she rescued survivors from a torpedoed Portuguese merchant vessel, and on 20 June, in company with Mashona, she seized control of the Swedish destroyers {{ship|HSwMS|Romulus|27|2}} and {{ship|HSwMS|Remus|28|2}}. After intense diplomatic activity they were later returned to Sweden. In the meantime, Tartar became the Leader of the 6th Flotilla whilst her sister {{HMS|Somali|F33|2}} was under repair. Tartar herself needed repairs in mid July after sustaining damage to her rudder.

On 8 August she was temporarily assigned to Force H whilst providing an escort for ships bound for Gibraltar. On 5 September she was an escort for ships of the 1st Minelaying Squadron during minelaying in the Northern Barrage. A further refit at Devonport followed in October, which included work to repair leaks from the water feeds and the replacement of the twin 4.7 inch gun mounting in "X" position with twin 4 inch HA mounting to improve anti-aircraft defence. This work lasted until December, when Tartar returned to Scapa Flow as the Leader of the 4th Destroyer Flotilla.

In January and February 1941 she was used to escort a number of minelaying operations in the North Sea. On 1 March she was one of the destroyers escorting the landing ships of Operation Claymore to the Lofoten Islands, and then provided support for the landing operations.^[3] On 3 March she sank the German merchantman {{SS|Bernhard Schulte||2}} at {{Coord|61|55|N|5|07|E}}.^[4]^[5] Whilst carrying out this duty on 4 March, she intercepted the German trawler Krebbs and captured her with a boarding party. An Enigma machine and supporting documents were recovered and later transported to Bletchley Park to assist decryption efforts. In May Tartar was deployed to defend the Atlantic convoys. During these duties, she was present at the sinking of the German battleship {{ship|German battleship|Bismarck||2}}. After this, on 28 May Tartar was returning to Scapa Flow with Mashona, when they came under heavy air attack west of Ireland, and Tartar{{'}}s action report states: "...It is believed that all attacking aircraft were H.E. 111's. Occasionally a F.W. Condor was seen shadowing astern. It is estimated that about 50 aircraft took part in the attacks over a period of 13 hours..."^[6] The Mashona was hit and badly damaged, eventually capsizing, but in return Tartar shot down an He 111 bomber.^[7] Tartar was able to rescue 14 officers and 215 ratings, and transported them to Greenock. During this engagement " Tartar used her Fuze Keeping Clock to aim her 4.7" guns and "...Every gun was used, the 4.7" in controlled fire and the 4" and close range weapons firing independently. 290 rounds of 4.7", 255 rounds of 4", 1,000 rounds of pom pom and 750 rounds of .5 machine gun ammunition were fired."^[8]

Arctic Ocean

Tartar resumed her duties with the Home Fleet in June 1941, when she was attached to a small force whose aim was to capture a German weather ship to obtain an Enigma coding machine and associated documentation. On 26 June she escorted the cruiser {{HMS|Nigeria|60|2}} with Bedouin from Scapa Flow to the waters off Jan Mayen Island. On 28 June the task force spotted the {{ship|German weather ship|Lauenburg}} and a boarding party from Tartar seized control of the vessel, recovering important documentation. Tartar then sank Lauenburg with gunfire. On 27 July she carried out reconnaissance of Spitsbergen to assess the possibility of using the island as a refuelling base for Russian convoys.

Tartar continued to operate in the Arctic Ocean throughout August. On 2 August she destroyed the weather station at Bear Island and evacuated Russian nationals to Murmansk from the island. Tartar accompanied the destroyer {{HMS|Inglefield|D02|2}} while transporting King George VI to Scapa Flow. On 17 August she screened the battleship {{HMS|Prince of Wales|53|2}} that was carrying Winston Churchill back from his Atlantic Charter meeting with President Roosevelt. Shortly thereafter, Prince of Wales overtook an eastbound convoy of 73 ships, turned around and passed through the convoy again so that the Prime Minister and the merchant ships could greet each other. When Prince of Wales arrived on the River Clyde, Tartar embarked the Prime Minister and took him to Greenock for his return to London.

On 20 August Tartar escorted the troopship {{RMS|Empress of Australia|1919|2}} and support ship {{ship|RFA|Oligarch}} to Spitsbergen to establish a garrison. Having successfully achieved this, she then escorted Empress of Australia to Murmansk, carrying members of the Russian and Norwegian populations of the island. She then underwent a refit, carried out by Green and Silley Weir, Royal Albert Dock, London, which lasted from September until mid-October. The work included removing the original mainmast to improve gunnery arcs, shortening the after funnel, relocating depth charge positions and installing the Type 285 gunnery radar for main armament fire-control. She returned to Scapa Flow after the completion of these works and became the Leader of the 6th Flotilla.

January and February 1942 were spent escorting Russian convoys, including convoys PQ 7B, QP-5, PQ 12, PQ 13 and QP-9. On 8 March Tartar screened Home Fleet units carrying out an unsuccessful search for the German battleship {{ship|German battleship|Tirpitz||2}}. During these operations, she sustained damage to her forward gun mounting due to high-speed operations in rough weather. At the end of March she travelled to Hull for repair and refit at Brigham and Cowan's shipyard until June. From 17 February until 28 April 1942 Tartar{{'}}s captain was Commander R.T. White D.S.O.** (later Captain R.T. White D.S.O.**, 2nd son of Sir Archibald White, Bt. of Wallingwells).

Mediterranean

In August 1942 Tartar was assigned to support Royal Navy operations in the Mediterranean. She took part in Operation Pedestal as part of the escort. The convoy came under air and submarine attacks from 11 August after it was sighted by the {{ship|Italian submarine|Uarsciek}}. On 12 August Tartar carried out depth charge attacks to drive off the {{ship|Italian submarine|Granito}}, and together with the destroyer {{HMS|Lookout|G32|2}} drove off the {{ship|Italian submarine|Emo}}. After the destroyer {{HMS|Foresight|H68|2}} was damaged in an air attack, Tartar took her in tow, and attempted to bring her to Gibraltar. On the way she was the target of an unsuccessful attack by the {{GS|U-73|1940|6}} on 13 August, and after that it was decided that attempts to save Foresight were hopeless. Tartar took off Foresight{{'}}s crew, then scuttled her with a torpedo. After the culmination of Operation Pedestal, Tartar sailed to rejoin the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow.

On her return in September, she formed part of the escort for Convoy PQ 18 and then Convoy QP-14. In October she returned to the Mediterranean to support Operation Torch, the allied landings in North Africa. During this deployment, from 8 November to 30 November, she screened fleet units and convoys, and carried out anti-submarine patrols. She was then attached to Force Q at Algiers, where she was assigned to intercept enemy supply convoys and escort allied convoys. She carried out these duties into February 1943, despite coming under attack on numerous occasions. On 28 April 1943 Tartar carried out an attack on E-boats near Marrettimo, Algeria, and on 7 May she deployed with other destroyers of the Mediterranean Fleet to blockade the Cape Bon area to intercept craft attempting to evacuate enemy personnel from Tunisia.

In June, she was supporting operations off Pantellaria, and in July was escorting convoys as part of Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily. On 11 July she rescued some 200 survivors from the hospital ship {{SS|Talamba||2}}, which had been sunk by German air attack off the beach head. On 12 July Tartar sank the ammunition ship Baarn, which was on fire after being damaged in air attacks. On 13 July she took the damaged destroyer {{HMS|Eskimo|F75|2}} in tow to Malta, after Eskimo had been damaged by air attacks. In August she supported the Allied invasion of Italy, by covering the landings at Calabria, and later the landings at Salerno. On 19 September Tartar provided gunfire support during a German counter-attack, and subsequently came under attacks from radio-controlled glider bombs She returned to the UK at the end of October and spent the last months of 1943, and January and February 1944, under refit at Devonport.

Home waters: the English Channel

In March and April 1944 she deployed as the Leader of the 10th Destroyer Flotilla with the Plymouth Command to carry out offensive patrols against coastal shipping off the French coast, as well as escorting allied convoys through the English Channel. In May she provided cover with the cruiser {{HMS|Bellona|63|2}} for the minelayer {{HMS|Apollo|M01|2}}, on a minelaying operation off the French coast in preparation for the Allied landings in Normandy. On 6 June she led the 10th Destroyer Flotilla into the English Channel to prevent German interference with the landings or the passage of convoys during Operation Neptune.

On 9 June she and the flotilla were in action against German warships. Though the German destroyers {{ship|German destroyer|ZH1||2}} and {{ship|German destroyer|Z32||2}} were sunk, Tartar was damaged by return fire. Her galley and bridge were hit and set on fire. Four men were killed and twelve wounded including Commander Jones. Her foremast hung over the side and all of the radar and communications were dead. She returned to Devonport briefly to undergo temporary repairs, before resuming operations in the English Channel. On 7 July she intercepted and engaged minesweepers of the 46th German Flotilla off the Channel Islands and sank the minesweepers M4601 and M4605. On 6 August Bellona, Tartar, {{HMS|Ashanti|F51|2}} and the Canadian destroyers {{HMCS|Haida|G63|2}} and {{HMCS|Iroquois|G89|2}} attacked a convoy off Saint-Nazaire, sinking the minesweepers M263 and M486, the patrol boat V414 and a coastal launch together with four small ships.

Far East

Tartar underwent another refit from November 1944 until February 1945, after which she was assigned to serve with the Eastern Fleet. In March 1945 she escorted several escort aircraft carriers to Gibraltar and then carried out exercises in the Mediterranean before departing for Trincomalee, where she arrived on 20 April. She was initially deployed with the 10th Destroyer Flotilla as a screen for the ships involved in a sweep of the Andaman and Nicobar areas. She then participated in bombardments of Car Nicobar and Port Blair, as well as covering Operation Dracula, the allied landings at Rangoon.

Further deployments included screening duties and attacks on enemy shipping, during which time she came under repeated air attacks, but without damage or casualties. She was then assigned to the planned Operation Zipper, but it was never carried out. She spent the rest of the war on escort and screening duties until the Japanese surrender. She was present at the signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945.

Post war

After the end of the war, Tartar sailed for Penang on 7 September 1945 and from there to the UK, where she arrived at Plymouth on 17 November. She was paid off and placed in reserve in early 1946 after having been de-stored. She was used as an Accommodation Ship for Reserve Fleet personnel before being placed on the Disposal List in 1947. Tartar was sold to BISCO for breaking up on 6 January 1948 and arrived at J. Cashmore's yard in Newport, South Wales for demolition on 22 February. She had gained a total of twelve battle honours for her service in the war.

Notes

1. ^Uboat.net
2. ^March, p.362
3. ^Despatch on raid on military and economic objectives in the Lofoten Islands (Norway) 1941 Mar., by Admiral Sir John C. Tovey, Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deutsches-marinearchiv.de/Archiv/1935-1945/Personen/RKzumKVK/landskron.htm |title=Franz Landskron |publisher=Deutsches Marine Archiv |language=German |accessdate=15 June 2010}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/seekrieg/miszellen/41-03-claymore.htm |title=Chronik des Seekrieges 3./4.3.1941 |publisher=Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart |language=German |accessdate=15 June 2010}}
6. ^On His Majesty's Service Observations of the British Home Fleet from the Diary Reports and Letters of Joseph H Wellings Assistant US Naval Attache London 1940-41., p.237
7. ^Wellings, p.238.
8. ^Wellings, p.237.