| 词条 | Hofmeyr Skull |
| 释义 |
|catalog number = |common name = Hofmeyr Skull |image = Hofmeyr Skull.jpg |species = Homo sapiens |age = 36,000 years ago |place discovered = near Hofmeyr, South Africa |date discovered = 1952 |discovered by = }} The Hofmeyr Skull is a specimen of a 36,000 year old human skull that was found in 1952 near Hofmeyr, South Africa. It is one of a very few anatomically modern human skulls that have been discovered on the continent which have been dated to over 20,000 years old. BackgroundThe skull was found in the 1950s on the surface of an erosion gully,[1] a dry channel bed of the Vlekpoort River, near Hofmeyr,[2][3] a small town in Eastern Cape, South Africa. No other bones or archaeological artifacts were found in the vicinity at the time of the skull's discovery.[2] The skull is one of only a few African specimens of early modern humans dated over 30,000 years in age. Others are much more recent, dated to around 20,000 years ago. In the 1990s, Alan Morris of the University of Cape Town noticed the skull in the Port Elizabeth Museum. He later showed it to Frederick E. Grine, an anthropologist and anatomist at State University of New York at Stony Brook. Grine then led a detailed study of the skull.[1] ExaminationIt was not possible to date the skull using traditional radiocarbon dating, as the carbon had leached out of the bone. Instead, a new method involving a combination of optically stimulated luminescence and uranium-series dating methods was used. The method was developed by Richard Bailey of Oxford University. The earth material from the skull "filling the endocranial cavity" (central portion of the endocranial cavity) was dated using a combination of optically stimulated luminescence and uranium-series dating methods, coupled through a radiation-field model. Based on the assumption that the earth in the skull is about the age of its inhumation and thus the same as the age of the skull,[4] age was estimated to 36,200 ± 3,200 years old.[2] The dating also assumed that the skull "had neither been uncovered long before nor transported any substantial distance before its discovery". The material in the skull can not have been washed out or replaced by water flowing down the gully because "the force required to scour the inner-most sediments would certainly have resulted in substantial damage" of the skull, and the skull did not appear to the dating team to have been damaged that much.[2] The anterior part of the lower facial skeleton has been damaged. The angle of the mandible, the mastoid process of the right temporal, and much of the occipital are not present. The coronal suture is obliterated and the third molars are heavily worn, suggesting that the specimen reached adulthood. The skull's owner had been wounded over his left eye and the wound had partially healed before death. The most severe damage to the skull, however, was caused during its time in storage and "mishandling" after its 1950 discovery. A lost bone is documented on pictures from 1968 and 1998.[2] AnalysisThe Hofmeyr Skull has been dated to around 36,000 years ago. Osteological analysis of the cranium by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology indicates that the specimen is morphologically distinct from recent groups in Subequatorial Africa, including the local Khoisan populations. The Hofmeyr fossil instead has a very close affinity with other Upper Paleolithic skulls from Europe. Some scientists have interpreted this relationship as being consistent with the Out-of-Africa theory, which hypothesizes that at least some Upper Paleolithic human groups in Africa, Europe and Asia should morphologically resemble each other.[5] A piece of parietal bone (surgically removed) will be sent to Professor Eske Willerslev in Copenhagen for ancient DNA analysis.[6] See also
Footnotes1. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/2007/february/fossil.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-08-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101129090707/http://scienceinafrica.co.za/2007/february/fossil.htm |archivedate=29 November 2010 |df=dmy-all }} {{refbegin}}{{refend}}2. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1136294 |date=Jan 2007 |author1=Grine, Fe |author2=Bailey, Rm |author3=Harvati, K |author4=Nathan, Rp |author5=Morris, Ag |author6=Henderson, Gm|author7=Ribot, I |author8=Pike, Aw | title = Late Pleistocene human skull from Hofmeyr, South Africa, and modern human origins | volume = 315 | issue = 5809 | pages = 226–9 | issn = 0036-8075 | pmid = 17218524 | journal=Science| bibcode=2007Sci...315..226G}} 3. ^pdf 4. ^The length of time between death and incorporation of the sediment within the skull is expected to be short: Grine 2007 5. ^{{cite news|title='Out Of Africa' Theory Boost: Skull Dating Suggests Modern Humans Evolved In Africa|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/01/070112104129.htm|accessdate=9 June 2016|agency=Max Planck Society|publisher=ScienceDaily|date=12 January 2007}} 6. ^[https://elmuseumscience.wordpress.com/2016/07/26/hofmeyr-skull-research-update/ Hofmeyr skull research …….. update] Further reading
| last = F. E. Grine |author2=R. M. Bailey |author3=K. Harvati |author4=R. P. Nathan |author5=A. G. Morris |author6=G. M. Henderson |author7=I. Ribot |author8=A. W. G. Pike | title = Late Pleistocene Human Skull from Hofmeyr, South Africa, and Modern Human Origins | journal=Science | volume = 315 | issue = 5809 | pages = 226–229 | publisher= | date = 12 January 2007 | doi = 10.1126/science.1136294 | accessdate = | pmid = 17218524 | first1 = FE | bibcode=2007Sci...315..226G}}
| last = Gosling | first = Melanie | title = Skull proves modern humans came from Africa | pages = 12 | publisher=The Star | date = 12 January 2007 | url = | accessdate = }}
| last = Wilford | first = John Noble | title = Skull Provides Signs of When Humans Left Africa |work=The New York Times | date = 11 January 2007 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/11/science/11cnd-skull.html | accessdate =2007-01-12}}
| last = Markey | first = Sean | title = Skull Is First Fossil Proof of Human Migration Theory, Study Says | publisher=National Geographic | date = 12 January 2007 | url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/01/070112-africa-skull.html | accessdate = }}
| last = Gunz | first1 = FE | year = 2010 | last2 = Gunz | first2 = P | last3 = Betti-Nash | first3 = L | last4 = Neubauer | first4 = S | last5 = Morris | first5 = AG | title = Reconstruction of the late Pleistocene human skull from Hofmeyr, South Africa | journal=Journal of Human Evolution | volume = 59 | pmid = 20546848 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–15 | publisher=Elsevier | doi = 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.02.007 |display-authors=etal}} External links
4 : Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens fossils|Prehistoric South Africa|Individual human heads, skulls and brains|1952 archaeological discoveries |
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