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词条 Coastal Road massacre
释义

  1. Attack

     Landing  Bus hijacking  Standoff at the Glilot Junction  Fatalities 

  2. Perpetrators

  3. Motives

  4. Official reactions

  5. Aftermath

     Trial  Israeli retaliation  Palestinian glorification of hijackers 

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2018}}{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = Coastal Road massacre
| partof = Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon
| image =1978-bus-attack01.jpg
| caption = Remains of hijacked bus
| location = Coastal Highway near Tel Aviv
|map={{location map|Israel center ta
|lat_deg=32|lat_min=08|lat_sec=53|lat_dir=N
|lon_deg=34|lon_min=48|lon_sec=12|lon_dir=E
|border=infobox|label={{bg|white|{{nowrap|The attack site}}}}|position=top
|caption =
}}
|coordinates = {{coord|32|08|52.6|N|34|48|11.4|E|display=inline}}
| date = March 11, 1978
| time =
| timezone =
| type = Mass murder, spree killing, shooting attack
| fatalities = 39 (38 civilians including 13 children,[1] 1 Israeli soldier) + 9 attackers
| injuries = 71 wounded.[1]
| perp = 11 Palestinian assailants. The Palestine Liberation Organization claimed responsibility.
| susperp =
| weapons = Various weapons, possible grenade
}}{{Campaignbox Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon}}

The Coastal Road massacre of 1978 was an attack involving the hijacking of a bus on Israel's Coastal Highway in which 38 Israeli civilians, including 13 children, were killed, and 71 were wounded.[1][2] The attack was planned by Abu Jihad[3] and carried out by the PLO faction Fatah. The plan was to seize a luxury hotel in Tel Aviv and take tourists and foreign ambassadors hostage in order to exchange them for Palestinian prisoners held by Israel.[4]

According to a Fatah commander who had helped to plan the attack, the timing was aimed at scuppering the Israeli-Egyptian peace talks between Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat and damaging tourism in Israel.[7][5] However, due to a navigation error, the attackers ended up {{convert|40|mi|km}} north of their target, and were forced to find alternative transportation to their destination.[7]

Time magazine characterized it as "the worst terrorist attack in Israel's history."[5] Fatah called the hijacking "Operation of the Martyr Kamal Adwan",[6] after the PLO chief of operations killed in the Israeli commando raid on Beirut in April 1973.[7][8] In response, the Israeli military forces launched Operation Litani against PLO bases in Lebanon three days later.

Attack

Landing

On March 9, 1978, 13 Palestinian Fedayeen from Fatah, including Dalal Mughrabi, left Lebanon on a boat headed for the Israeli coastline. They were equipped with Kalashnikov rifles, rocket-propelled grenades, light mortars and high explosives. On March 11, they transferred to two Zodiac boats and headed towards the shore. One of the Zodiacs capsized in the rough weather, and two of the militants drowned, but the surviving 11 carried on with their mission.[9][10]

The terrorists landed on a beach near the kibbutz Ma'agan Michael, north of Tel Aviv. They met American photographer Gail Rubin, who was taking nature photographs on the beach, and asked her where they were. After she told them, they killed her.[11] Both surviving attackers claimed that Mughrabi shot Rubin,[12] who was a niece of United States Senator Abraham A. Ribicoff.[13]

Bus hijacking

They then walked less than a mile up to the four-lane highway, opened fire at passing cars, and hijacked a white Mercedes taxi, killing its occupants.[5] Setting off down the highway toward Tel Aviv, they hijacked a chartered bus carrying Egged bus drivers and their families on a day outing, along the Coastal Highway. During the ride, the militants shot and threw grenades at passing cars, shot at the passengers and threw at least one body out of the bus. At one point they commandeered Bus 901, traveling from Tel Aviv to Haifa, and forced the passengers from the first bus to board it.[5]

At one point, the bus stopped, and one of the perpetrators got out and fired directly into a passing car, killing a teenager, Omri Tel-Oren, and injuring his father Hanoch. Sharon Tel-Oren, Omri's mother, testified: "We were in our station wagon, driving along the coastal highway. We saw something odd ahead – a bus, but it seemed to be stopped. Then we saw someone lying on the road. There was shattered glass all over, children screaming. Then we heard the gunshots. Omri was asleep in the back seat. The bullet passed through the front seat and hit his head, killing him instantly. My husband was shot in the arm, and lost the movement in his fingers."[14][15]

Israeli police were alerted to the attack, and police cars caught up to the bus and began trailing it. Although the militants fired at the pursuing police cars, policemen did not return fire, fearing they would hit the civilians inside the bus.[16] Police quickly set up a roadblock, but the militants plowed the bus through it and continued their journey. According to Khaled Abu Asba, one of the two surviving attackers, police set up multiple roadblocks, and there was an exchange of fire at every intersection.[10]

Standoff at the Glilot Junction

The bus was finally stopped by a large police roadblock set up at the Glilot Junction near Herzliya, which included nails planted on the road to puncture the bus' tires.[5][9] Due to the speed at which the attack was transpiring, Israeli counter-terrorism squads had been unable to mobilize quickly enough, and the roadblock was manned by ordinary patrolmen and traffic policemen, who were lightly armed in comparison to the militants and untrained in dealing with hostage situations. A firefight erupted, and police broke the bus' windows and yelled at passengers to jump.[9]

Escaping passengers were shot at by one of the militants.[5] According to the Israeli police, Assaf Hefetz, then head of the Israeli Police counter-terrorism unit, arrived at the scene before his unit, and stormed the bus, killing two militants. Hefetz sustained a shoulder injury during the battle, and was later awarded the Israeli Police Medal of Courage.[17][18]

The battle reached its climax when the bus exploded and burst into flames. The explosion may have been set off by a burning fuel tank, or by grenades. The Palestinians claimed that the Israelis destroyed the bus with fire from helicopter gunships.[19][20]

A total of 38 civilians were killed in the attack, including 13 children. 71 others were wounded.[21] Of the 11 perpetrators, 9 were killed.[16]

Fatalities

{{div col|colwidth=35em}}
  • Revital (Tali) Aharonovitch[22][23] (14 years old)
  • Naomi Elichai[22][24] (18)
  • Erez Alfred[22][25] (5)
  • Yitzhak Alfred[22][26] (44)
  • Galit Ankwa[22][27] (2)
  • Yitzhak (Yitzik) Ankwa[22][28] (10)
  • Haviv Ankwa[29] (38)
  • Mathilda (Mathy) Askenazy-Daniel[22][30] (68)
  • Yehuda Basterman[22][31] (32)
  • Rina Bushkenitch[22][32] (34)
  • Dov Bushkenitch[22][33] (36)
  • Liat Gal-On[22][34] (6)
  • Shimon Glotman[22][35] (43)
  • Amnon Drori[22][36] (43)
  • Naama Hadani[22][37] (5)
  • Ilan Hohman[22][38] (3)
  • Roi Hohman[22][39] (6)
  • Rebecca Hohman[22][40] (28)
  • Mordechai (Moti) Zit[22][41] (9)
  • Yosef Kheloani[22][42] (66)
  • Malka Leibovitch-Wiess[22][43] (58)
  • Tzyona Lozia-Cohen[22][44] (32)
  • Abraham Lozia[22][45] (37)
  • Otari Mansurov[22][46] (37)
  • Yoav (Yoavi) Meshkel[22][47] (6)
  • Tuvia Rosner[22][48] (53)
  • Gail Rubin[22][49][50] (40)
  • Meir Segal[22][51] (73)
  • Katy (Rina) Sosensky[22][52] (49)
  • Joseph Sosensky[22][53] (56)
  • Zvi (Zvika) Eshet[22][54] (46)
  • Omry Tel-Oren[22][55] (14)
{{div col end}}

Perpetrators

The PLO claimed responsibility for the attack, which was perpetrated by eleven Palestinians, including Dalal Mughrabi.

Motives

One motive for the attack from the PLO was to derail Egypt-Israel peace talks. In October 1976, Egypt, the PLO, and Syria were back in contact with each other, though temporarily, under Saudi auspices, at the Riyadh conference that year. In 1977 "...the United States appeared anxious to coordinate Arab approval of a Geneva peace conference, as well as the presence there of Palestinians, and most important, the cooperation of the Soviet Union."[56]

Both the Egyptians and the Israelis were opposed to the possibility of a political settlement which would have the effect of uniting the Arabs with the Palestinians or the two super powers against Israel. "No less than Israelis, therefore, Sadat opposed the join US–USSR statement of October 1977. Not only did the statement put the Palestinian question on a par with the return of Egyptian territory, it almost meant a clear victory for Syrian pan-Arabism."[57]

The US–USSR joint statement state the settlement of the Arab-Israeli conflict would be based on: "an Israeli withdrawal from 'occupied territories' in 1967; the resolution of the Palestinian question, including insuring the 'legitimate rights' of the Palestinian people; the termination of the state of war; and the establishment of normal peaceful relations on the basis of mutual recognition of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and political independence."[58]

Ultimately, America opted for an Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty as Anwar Sadat made a visit to Jerusalem in November 1977. In that treaty "the first item dropped was the question of Palestine as it had evolved through the United Nations; after that the US–USSR statement, and agreed upon Palestinian representation at the Geneva conference, were also dropped.".[59] Anwar Sadat's main concern was the territory of Sinai to be returned to Egypt from Israel.{{Citation needed|date=September 2015}}

Official reactions

Involved parties
{{Flagu|Israel}}
  • Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin stated in a press conference that Israel "shall not forget the carnage" and added that "there was no need of this outrage to understand that a Palestinian state would be a mortal danger to our nation and our people."[60]
{{flagicon|Palestine}} PLO
  • The PLO official stated that "the operation stems from the firm belief of Fatah in the necessity of carrying on the armed struggle against the Zionist enemy within the occupied land."[61]
International
  • {{Flagu|Egypt}}: Egyptian president Anwar Sadat condemned the attack as "an irresponsible action" and indirectly appealed to Israel not to strike back.[62]
  • {{Flagu|United States}}: US president Jimmy Carter released a statement saying the attack was "an outrageous act of lawlessness and senseless brutality. Criminal acts such as this advance no cause or political belief. They inspire only revulsion at the lack of respect for innocent human life."[61]

Aftermath

Trial

The two surviving perpetrators, Khaled Abu Asba and Hussein Fayyad, were captured and tried in an Israeli military court in Lod. They were charged with 10 counts of firing at people, two counts of placing and detonating explosives, and one count of membership in a hostile organization. Their trial opened on August 9, 1979. The trial was presided over by Judge Colonel Aharon Kolperin. The chief prosecutor was Amnon Straschnov, while Abu Asba and Fayyad were represented by defense lawyer Leah Tsemel. On October 23, 1979, they were convicted on all 13 charges. They were sentenced to life imprisonment, and spent seven years in prison before being released in the 1985 Jibril Agreement.[10][63][64][65]

Israeli retaliation

In a statement to the press the following day, Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin stated, "They came here to kill Jews. They intended to take hostages and threatened, as the leaflet they left said, to kill all of them if we did not surrender to their demands.... We shall not forget. And I can only call upon other nations not to forget that Nazi atrocity that was perpetrated upon our people yesterday."[66]

Speaking to the Knesset on March 13, Begin said, "Gone forever are the days when Jewish blood could be shed with impunity. Let it be known: Those who shed innocent blood shall not go unpunished. We shall defend our citizens, our women, our children. We shall sever the arm of iniquity."[67]

On March 15, three days after the massacre, Israel launched Operation Litani against PLO bases in southern Lebanon. The IDF spokesman stated, "The objective of the operation is not retaliation for the terrorists' crimes, for there can be no retaliation for the murder of innocent men, women and children – but to protect the state of Israel and its citizens from incursions of members of the Fatah and PLO, who use Lebanese territory in order to attack citizens of Israel."[68]

According to Augustus Richard Norton, professor of international relations at Boston University, the IDF military operation killed approximately 1,100 people, most of them Palestinian and Lebanese civilians.[69][70]

Palestinian glorification of hijackers

Palestinian Media Watch,[71] an Israeli NGO that monitors antisemitism and support for terrorism in Palestinian society, has cited examples of Palestinian media that regard Dalal Mughrabi as a heroine and role model.[72][73] A Hebron girls' school was briefly named in honor of Mughrabi but the name was changed after it emerged that USAID was funding the school. Her name has also been given to summer camps and both police and military courses.[74] In February 2011 Palestinian Media Watch exposed a pan-Arab feminist media campaign promoting Mughrabi as a role model for women in the Arab world.[75]

During the 2008 Israel-Hezbollah prisoner swap, Israel intended to transfer her body to Hezbollah, however DNA testing showed that it was not among the exhumed corpses.[76]

Several locations under Palestinian Authority control have been named after Mughrabi.[77]

Palestinian Media Watch reported that, in January 2012, official Palestinian Authority television, which is under the control of PA chairman Mahmoud Abbas, rebroadcast a music video glorifying the attack. The words of the clip included: "We [PLO squad] set out on patrol from Lebanon; with no fear of death or the darkness of prison. On the coast [Dalal] Mughrabi's blood was shed, the color of [red] coral on [white] lemon flowers."[78]

In 2011, a summer camp "which took place under the auspices of Prime Minister Salam Fayyad" divided the children into three groups named after militants, and one group was named for Mughrabi.[79]

See also

  • 2011 southern Israel cross-border attacks
  • Avivim school bus massacre
  • List of massacres in Israel

References

1. ^1 2 "1978, March 11. The Coastal Road Massacre" Richard Ernest Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy (chamel). The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present, Harper & Row, 1986; {{ISBN|0-06-181235-8}}, pg. 1362.
2. ^Gregory S. Mahler. "Operation Litani is launched in retaliation for that month's Coastal Road massacre", Politics and Government in Israel: The Maturation of a Modern State, Rowman & Littlefield, 2004, {{ISBN|0-7425-1611-3}}, pg. 259.
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.msn.co.il/news/StatePoliticalMilitary/Military/200802/20080214114246.htm|title=Israel's successful assassinations|accessdate=March 29, 2008|publisher=MSN|language=Hebrew}}
4. ^Moshe Brilliant, "Israeli officials Say Gunmen Intended to Seize Hotel", The New York Times, March 13, 1978.
5. ^1 2 3 4 5 "A Sabbath of Terror", Time magazine, March 20, 1978.
6. ^Edgar O'Ballance (1979). Language of Violence: The Blood Politics of Terrorism, pg. 289, Presidio Press (Original from the University of Michigan); {{ISBN|0-89141-020-1}}, {{ISBN|978-0-89141-020-1}}
7. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/11/20/60II/main318655.shtml|title=An Eye for an Eye|accessdate=November 21, 2001|publisher=CBS|date=November 20, 2001}}
8. ^Greenaway, HDS, "Arab Terrorist Raid in Israel Kills 30", Washington Post, March 12, 1978.
9. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Features/In-Thespotlight/This-Week-in-History-Israels-deadliest-terror-attack|title=This Week in History: Israel's deadliest terror attack|work=The Jerusalem Post|accessdate=December 16, 2014}}
10. ^1 2 [{{cite web|url=http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1105308.html|title=Archived copy|accessdate=August 5, 2009|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808113829/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1105308.html|archivedate=August 8, 2009}} Coastal road terrorist: No apologies, Haaretz. According to Abu Absa, one of the surviving Palestinian perpetrators, Mughrabi was the only woman in the group and she was not the commander.
11. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,916011,00.html?promoid=googlep|title=Tragedy of errors|accessdate=June 1, 2008|publisher=Time|date=March 27, 1978}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=40198|title=IMRA - Monday, August 4, 2008 :: MEMRITV: Fatah Terrorists Who Participated in a 1978 Attack Commanded by Dalal Al-Maghrabi Describe the Murder of U.S. Journalist Gail Rubin|accessdate=December 16, 2014}}
13. ^{{cite news|title=U.S. Born Photographer Was First Victim in the Raid|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/13/archives/us-born-photographer-was-first-victim-in-the-raid.html|accessdate=February 21, 2015|work=The New York Times|date=March 13, 1978|page=11}}
14. ^The dolls' journey to Israel, Jerusalem Post; accessed March 10, 2018.
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/a-flute-now-silent-1.167971|title=A flute now silent|date=August 24, 2005|work=Haaretz.com|accessdate=December 16, 2014}}
16. ^1 Black, Ian (1992): Israel's Secret Wars: A History of Israel's Intelligence Services
17. ^Interview with Assaf Hefetz, jpress.org.il, 30 October 1984.{{he icon}}
18. ^Assaf Hefetz: Israeli Police Medal of Courage, gvura.org; accessed March 10, 2018.
19. ^Willenson, Kim, Milan J. Kubic, and William E. Schmidt, "Slaughter in Israel"], Newsweek, March 20, 1978.
20. ^Black, Ian & Hugh McLeod, (March 11, 2010). "[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/16/lebanon.israelandthepalestinians1 Israel-Hizbullah prisoner exchange: profiles]", TheGuardian.com; accessed March 10, 2018.
21. ^{{cite book|title=Syria's Terrorist War on Lebanon and the Peace Process|last=Deeb|first=Marius|publisher=Palgrave McMillan|isbn=1-4039-6248-0|date=July 2003|page=39}}
22. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 {{cite web|url=http://www.btl.gov.il/English%20homepage/Pages/default.aspx|title=National Insurance Institute, HomePage|accessdate=December 16, 2014}}
23. ^רויטל טלי אהרונוביץ ז"ל  {{he icon}}
24. ^נעמי אליחי ז"ל  {{he icon}}
25. ^ארז אלפנד ז"ל  {{he icon}}
26. ^יצחק אלפנד ז"ל  {{he icon}}
27. ^גלית אנקווה ז"ל  {{he icon}}
28. ^יצחק איציק אנקווה ז"ל  {{he icon}}
29. ^חביב אנקווה ז"ל  NII {{he icon}}
30. ^מטילדה מטי אשכנזי דניאל ז"ל  {{he icon}}
31. ^יהודה בסטרמן ז"ל  {{he icon}}
32. ^רינה בושקניץ ז"ל  {{he icon}}
33. ^דב בושקניץ ז"ל  {{he icon}}
34. ^ליאת גלאון ז"ל  {{he icon}}
35. ^שמעון גלוטמן ז"ל  {{he icon}}
36. ^אמנון דרורי ז"ל  {{he icon}}
37. ^נעמה הדני ז"ל  {{he icon}}
38. ^אילן הוכמן ז"ל  {{he icon}}
39. ^רועי הוכמן ז"ל  {{he icon}}
40. ^רבקה הוכמן ז"ל  {{he icon}}
41. ^מרדכי מוטי זית ז"ל  {{he icon}}
42. ^יוסף חלואני ז"ל  {{he icon}}
43. ^מלכה טוני ליבוביץ וייס ז"ל  {{he icon}}
44. ^ציונה לוזיה כהן ז"ל  {{he icon}}
45. ^אברהם לוזיה ז"ל  {{he icon}}
46. ^אוטרי מנשרוב ז"ל  {{he icon}}
47. ^יואב יואבי משקל ז"ל  {{he icon}}
48. ^טוביה רוזנר ז"ל  {{he icon}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/rubin-gail|title=Gail Rubin|publisher=|accessdate=December 16, 2014}}
50. ^גייל רובין ז"ל  {{he icon}}
51. ^מאיר סגל ז"ל  {{he icon}}
52. ^קטיה רינה סוסינסקי ז"ל  {{he icon}}
53. ^יוסף סוסינסקי ז"ל  {{he icon}}
54. ^צבי צביקה עשת ז"ל  {{he icon}}
55. ^אמרי תל-אורן ז"ל  {{he icon}}
56. ^{{cite book|last=Said|first=Edward|title=The Question of Palestin|year=1992|publisher=Vintage Books|page=201}}
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58. ^{{cite book|last=Khouri|first=Fred|title=The Arab-Israeli Dilemma|pages=397–398}}
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61. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=XPUhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zqAFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2881,226406|title=Reading Eagle - Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com}}
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63. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Terrorist-who-killed-38-Israelis-appointed-PA-adviser-314678|title=Terrorist who killed 38 Israelis appointed PA adviser|work=The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com|accessdate=December 16, 2014}}
64. ^https://www.jta.org/1979/10/24/archive/two-terrorists-convicted-in-1978-coastal-road-rampage
65. ^https://www.jta.org/1979/08/10/archive/terrorists-trial-opens
66. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1977-1979/133%20Statement%20to%20the%20press%20by%20Prime%20Minister%20Begin |title=Statement to the press by Prime Minister Begin on the massacre of Israelis on the Haifa – Tel Aviv Road |author= |date=March 12, 1978 |work= |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=April 18, 2010}}
67. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1977-1979/134%20Statement%20to%20the%20Knesset%20by%20Prime%20Minister%20Beg |title=Statement to the Knesset by Prime Minister Begin on the terrorist raid and the Knesset resolution |author= |date=March 13, 1978 |work= |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=April 18, 2010}}
68. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1977-1979/135%20Israel%20Defence%20Forces%20statement%20on%20the%20operati |title=Israel Defense Forces statement on the operation in Lebanon |author= |date=March 15, 1978 |work= |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=April 18, 2010}}
69. ^{{cite journal|author2=Jillian Schwedler|title=(In)security Zones in South Lebanon|journal=Journal of Palestine Studies|year=1993|volume=23|issue=1|pages=61–79|jstor=2537858 |author=Augustus Richard Norton|authorlink=Augustus Richard Norton|publisher=University of California Press|doi=10.1525/jps.1993.23.1.00p0030t}}
70. ^{{cite book|title=Israeli Violations of Human Rights of Lebanese Civilians|year=2000|publisher=B'Tselem|pages=12–13|url=http://www.btselem.org/sites/default/files/israeli_violations_of_human_rights_of_lebanese_civilians.pdf}}
71. ^{{cite web |url=http://palwatch.org |title=Palestinian Media Watch web site}}
72. ^Special report # 39: Palestinian Culture and Society (Study No. 6 -March 12, 2002) "Encouraging Women Terrorists" by Itamar Marcus, http://palwatch.org/STORAGE/special%20reports/Encouraging_Women_Terrorists.pdf, accessed July 24, 2008
73. ^{{cite web |url=http://palwatch.org/main.aspx?fi=679 |title= "Case study: Dalal Mughrabi from terrorist to hero", Palestinian Media Watch web site, accessed 2/21/2012}}
74. ^http://www.imra.org.il/story.php3?id=13227 accessed July 23, 2008
75. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.palwatch.org/main.aspx?fi=157&doc_id=4641 |title=UN asks PMW to publicize that UN was not behind Arab media campaign presenting terrorist as role model |last1=Marcus |first1=Itamar |last2=Zilberdik |first2=Nan Jacques |date=February 13, 2011 |publisher=Palestine Media Watch |accessdate=February 15, 2011}}
76. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/136475|title=32nd Anniversary of the Coastal Road Massacre|website=Israel National News}}
77. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=186535|title=Incitement is not one-sided|publisher=}}
78. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.palwatch.org/main.aspx?fi=157&doc_id=6090,|title=PMW Bulletins|publisher=|accessdate=December 16, 2014}}
79. ^{{cite web|url=http://palwatch.org/pages/news_archive.aspx?doc_id=5320|title=PA summer camp names children's group after Dalal Mughrabi - Palestinian Daily News|publisher=|accessdate=December 16, 2014}}

External links

  • 32nd anniversary of the coastal massacre – published at the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs
  • [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/648423052.html?dids=648423052:648423052&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI 30 Die in Rampage by Terrorists in Israel] – published on the Los Angeles Times on March 12, 1978
  • [https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/boston/access/1995863622.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI 30 die after terrorists attack 2 buses in Israel] – published on the Boston Globe on March 12, 1978
  • [https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/12/archives/fatah-admits-raid-guerrillas-land-from-sea-battle-with-policemen.html Fatah admits raid] – published on The New York Times on March 12, 1978
{{Terrorist attacks against Israelis in the 1970s}}{{Palestinian militancy attacks in the 1970s}}{{Israeli-Palestinian conflict |Timeline}}

14 : 1978 crimes in Israel|Attacks on buses by Palestinian militant groups|Hijacking|Hostage taking in Israel|Israeli–Lebanese conflict|Mass murder in 1978|Massacres in Israel during the Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Murdered Israeli children|Operations involving Israeli special forces|Palestinian terrorism|Spree shootings in Israel|Terrorist attacks attributed to Palestinian militant groups|Terrorist incidents in 1978|Terrorist incidents on buses
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开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

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