| 词条 | Homalin |
| 释义 |
|name =Homalin |native_name = {{my|ဟုမ္မလင်း}} |other_name = Hommalinn, Hônmalin, Honmalin |settlement_type = Town |image_skyline = Homalin aerial.jpg |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = Satellite view. The long strip is Homalin Airport. The meandering Uyu river can be seen joining the Chindwin river south of the town. |pushpin_map = Burma |pushpin_label_position = right |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Burma |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Myanmar}} |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Sagaing Region}} |subdivision_type2 = District |subdivision_name2 = Hkamti District |subdivision_type3 = Township |subdivision_name3 = Homalin Township |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |leader_title = |leader_name = |established_title = |established_date = |area_total_km2 = |population_as_of = |population_footnotes = |population_total = |population_density_km2 = |timezone = MST |utc_offset = +6.30 |coordinates = {{coord|24|53|20|N|94|55|26|E|region:MM|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |website = |footnotes = }} Homalin or Hommalinn ({{lang-my|ဟုမ္မလင်း မြို့}} {{IPA-my|hóʊɴməlɪ́ɴ mjo̰|}}) is a small town in north-western Burma and capital of the Homalin Township in Hkamti District of the Sagaing Region. The town lies on the Chindwin River and is served by Homalin Airport. The Tamanthi Wildlife Reserve extends into the Homalin Township. Gold has been found in the river sand of Uyu River and extraction has been undertaken jointly with the Russians. HistoryThe 1908 Imperial Gazetteer of India recorded that the steamers of the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company plied weekly between Pakokku and Homalin. Government of Myanmar also plied its launches on this route.[1][2] During World War II, Homalin on the bank of the Chindwin River, was occupied by the Japanese in late May/early June 1944.[3] Following this, after the Japanese were defeated, the town was combed thoroughly to remove any Japanese soldiers and this was followed by further preparations to counter any Japanese gunboat attacks from the river side.[4] On August 6, 1988, an earthquake with an epicentre near Homalin killed 3 people, damaging infrastructure.[5] Myanmar had the distinction of accounting for 60% of world’s heroin supply, in 1997, with the production of about 2500 tonnes of opium. Particularly in North Burma, the Army has been maintaining the drug refineries.{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}The 22nd Infantry Battalion (IB) has a refinery at Homolin, apart from other places in the region, which establishes “The Regime's Complicity in the global drug trade.”[6]GeographyHomalin, a small town, lies close to the Indian border, at the head end of a bend in the Chindwin River, after an island. It has the backdrop of large forested mountains, which rise to a height of {{convert|9000|ft|m}}. Some amount of cultivation is also seen on the lower slopes of the hills. Geographical area of the Homalin Township is {{convert|2768927|acre|ha}} including arable land of {{convert|18039|acre|ha}} and forest land of {{convert|706317|acre|ha}}.[7] The average elevation of the town is 101 m.[8] The Uyu River, a major tributary of the Chindwin River flows close to Homalin. The sand in this river carries gold particles and also, some times, small nuggets. Local villagers pan this river sand to extract gold dust with the hope of finding small nuggets.[9] ClimateHomalin has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cwa) bordering on a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). Temperatures are very warm throughout the year, although the winter months (December–February) are milder. There is a winter dry season (November–April) and a summer wet season (May–October). {{Weather box |location = Homalin (1981–2010) |metric first = Y |single line = Y | Jan record high C = 30.5 | Feb record high C = 34.5 | Mar record high C = 39.7 | Apr record high C = 40.0 | May record high C = 41.2 | Jun record high C = 41.4 | Jul record high C = 35.7 | Aug record high C = 36.0 | Sep record high C = 37.0 | Oct record high C = 37.7 | Nov record high C = 33.5 | Dec record high C = 29.5 |year record high C = 41.4 | Jan high C = 25.6 | Feb high C = 28.2 | Mar high C = 31.3 | Apr high C = 33.4 | May high C = 33.6 | Jun high C = 31.6 | Jul high C = 30.5 | Aug high C = 31.0 | Sep high C = 31.3 | Oct high C = 31.4 | Nov high C = 29.0 | Dec high C = 26.0 | year high C = 30.2 | Jan low C = 10.3 | Feb low C = 12.4 | Mar low C = 15.6 | Apr low C = 19.4 | May low C = 22.2 | Jun low C = 24.0 | Jul low C = 24.0 | Aug low C = 23.8 | Sep low C = 23.0 | Oct low C = 21.1 | Nov low C = 16.2 | Dec low C = 11.7 | year low C = 18.6 | Jan record low C = 5.0 | Feb record low C = 5.7 | Mar record low C = 7.4 | Apr record low C = 15.0 | May record low C = 17.5 | Jun record low C = 20.0 | Jul record low C = 19.5 | Aug record low C = 19.5 | Sep record low C = 18.5 | Oct record low C = 4.0 | Nov record low C = 10.0 | Dec record low C = 4.2 |year record low C = 4.0 | rain colour = green | Jan rain mm = 6.8 | Feb rain mm = 15.1 | Mar rain mm = 24.2 | Apr rain mm = 45.9 | May rain mm = 187.1 | Jun rain mm = 436.0 | Jul rain mm = 521.8 | Aug rain mm = 421.2 | Sep rain mm = 349.4 | Oct rain mm = 181.1 | Nov rain mm = 32.3 | Dec rain mm = 11.9 | year rain mm = 2232.8 | source 1 = Norwegian Meteorological Institute[10] }} DemographicsThe town has a population of roughly 1500 people. The Naga and Kuki ethnic group reside in Homalin, Naga Traditional New Year is celebrated by the nagas and the Kuki celebrate Chavang Kut every year. Transportation systemThe main artery road in the region is the Thabeikkyin-Phaungbyin-Homalin-Hkamti Road, which is {{convert|330|mi|km}} long. This is being extended and bridges are being built by a Road Construction Special Group-10 to make it an all weather road.[11] A suspension bridge, 1000 ft long and 16 ft wide, was constructed recently{{When|date=February 2011}} across the Uyu River linking Homalin with the Thetkekyin-Phaungpyin-Homalin-Khamti Road.[12] Country boats, locally known as landwins, also ply in the waters of the Chindwin River to Homalin. Both Irrawaddy and its major tributary the Chindwin River have Inland Water Transport facilities, which are being improved further. The Homalin Airport (HOX) in the centre of the Homalin town has flights operating to Yangon and Mandalay and is on the popular tourist circuit. It is located at an elevation of {{convert|498|ft|m}} and has a runway of {{convert|3002|ft|m}} length.[13] EconomyThe climatic conditions in Homalin have been found suitable to grow Rubber plantations. The conditions have been well exploited by establishing viable rubber cultivation practices by introducing high-yield strains like the PRIM 600, PB-260, BPM-24, GT-1 and PBIG. This has resulted in expansion of rubber plantation areas in the township, which has created ample employment opportunities to the local people and thus improved their economic conditions and living standards. Pineapple plants are also intercropped within the rubber plantations to make the economic yield from the land even more viable.[14] Since Rubber has a worldwide demand, local people have been urged to expand area under cultivate rubber cultivation as also as tea as a commercial venture.[11] A TV retransmission station has been set up in Homalin, as part of establishing such stations at 41 townships of the Sagaing, Mandalay and Magway Divisions.[15]
The exploration of gold from the Uyu River in Homalin got a boost when the Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration Department of Myanmar and the Victorious Glory International of Russia signed a deal for exploration of "gold and associated minerals".[16] Hydropower developmentAs a part of the overall economic development of the Chindwin region in its upper reaches, several hydropower projects have been planned on the Chindwin River, which includes the Homalin Hydropower Project with a capacity of 150 MW. This project also envisages benefits of irrigation.[17] The Tamanthi Dam which is component part of the Tamanthi Hydroelectric Project (installed capacity 1200 MW) on the Chindwin River, which was under planning and investigations since 2004, is to be implemented with assistance from the Government of India, following a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) signed on September 16, 2008 between the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) of India and the Government of Burma, as a joint venture project. The submergence under this project which is now under implementation, has serious issues of displacements of 380 families from Leivomjang and Tazong villages that would come under submergence between Tamanthi and Homalin in Sagaing Division.[18] References1. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4f-1AAAAIAAJ&q=Homalin&dq=Homalin&hl=en&ei=sEqhTOXeFYfCvQPovbnhAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDYQ6AEwBA|title=Imperial gazetteer of India: provincial series, Volume 11|page =229|accessdate=2010-09-28|publisher= Superintendent of Government Printing|year=1908}} {{Homalin Township}}{{Sagaing Division}}2. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qj8KAQAAIAAJ&q=Homalin&dq=Homalin&hl=en&ei=qYCfTLaCA9GlOPjHsY4L&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBQ|author=SirWilliam Stevenson Meyer|title=Volume 10 of Imperial Gazetteer of India |publisher=Clarendon Press|year= 1908|page=248}} 3. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY_RAAAAMAAJ&q=Homalin&dq=Homalin&hl=en&ei=SIGfTLKHKcaBOObi5KYM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ6AEwATgK|author=Bisheshwar Prasad|title=The reconquest of Burma, June 1942 - August 1945|publisher=Official history of the Indian Armed Forces in the Second World War, 1939-1945|page=54}} 4. ^{{Cite book|last= Commager|first= Henry Steele|title= The Story of the Second World War|page=214|accessdate=2010-09-28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H2nUNdqobOkC&pg=PA214&dq=Homalin&hl=en&ei=l0yhTJq5KYKmvgOH3amaBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=Homalin&f=false|publisher= Brassey's|year=2004|isbn=1-57488-741-6}} 5. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zuYqAAAAMAAJ&q=homalin&dq=homalin&hl=en&ei=rHOrTIWoB4mWOv7VhPoG&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CEcQ6AEwCDiWAQ|title=Records of the Geological Survey of India, Volume 122, Parts 2-4|publisher=Geological Survey of India|year=1989}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfob.org/burmaissue/drugs/drugs.shtml |title=Burma's Drug Situation |accessdate=2010-09-28 |publisher=Canadian Friends of Burma |date=August 1999 }} 7. ^{{Cite book|last=Anon|firs=|title= The Silken East|pages=440–441|accessdate=2010-09-28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHYmkQwgsNsC&pg=PA439&dq=Homalin&hl=en&ei=l0yhTJq5KYKmvgOH3amaBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=Homalin&f=false|publisher= READ BOOKS|year= 2006|isbn=1-4067-3402-0}} 8. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/BM/10/Homalin.html |title=Homalin Burma Page |accessdate=2010-09-28 |publisher=Falling rain }} 9. ^{{Cite book|last= Braund|first= Harold Ernest.W|title= Tales of Burma|page=76|accessdate=2010-09-28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f0VwAAAAMAAJ&q=Homalin&dq=Homalin&hl=en&ei=IlWhTPWGLYPyvQO1tKX9Aw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAzgU|publisher= J. Paton|year= 1981}} 10. ^{{cite web | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20181008145507/http://met-xpprod.customer.enonic.io/publikasjoner/met-report/met-report-2017/_/attachment/download/a3bf1468-4e93-486a-aa3f-4bea3871cffa:b8f39ba9ecfbde7d7c6da8ca769f4a1a96d61d39/MyanmarClimateReportFINAL24Oct2017.pdf | archivedate = 8 October 2018 | url = http://met-xpprod.customer.enonic.io/publikasjoner/met-report/met-report-2017/_/attachment/download/a3bf1468-4e93-486a-aa3f-4bea3871cffa:b8f39ba9ecfbde7d7c6da8ca769f4a1a96d61d39/MyanmarClimateReportFINAL24Oct2017.pdf | title = Myanmar Climate Report | publisher = Norwegian Meteorological Institute | pages =23-36 | accessdate = 28 October 2018}} 11. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.myanmar-information.net/infosheet/2005/050609.htm |title=Information Sheet Collections since 1996 |accessdate=2010-09-28 |publisher=Myanmar Information Committee, Yangon |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016013110/http://www.myanmar-information.net/infosheet/2005/050609.htm |archivedate=October 16, 2007 }} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://myanmargeneva.org/08nlm/n080212.htm |title=U-ru Bridge inaugurated in Homalin Township, Sagaing Division |accessdate=2010-09-28 |publisher=Myanmar times |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922034419/http://myanmargeneva.org/08nlm/n080212.htm |archivedate=September 22, 2008 }} 13. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.world-airport-codes.com/myanmar/homalin-2976.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060522093756/http://www.world-airport-codes.com/myanmar/homalin-2976.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2006-05-22 |title=Homalin (HOX) Myanmar |accessdate=2010-09-28 |publisher=World-airport -codes.com }} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.mrtv3.net.mm/open5/251208for.html |title=White gold plantations of Chindwin region |work=Rubber and pineapple plants seen in Aung Thukha (Lin) rubber plantation of U Aung Than Myint in Homalin Township |accessdate=2010-09-27 |publisher=Mirror Daily }} 15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.modins.net/myanmarinfo/state_division/sagaing.htm |title=Facts about Myanmar |work=Sagaing Division |accessdate=2010-09-28 |publisher=Government of Myanmar }} 16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/17/business/worldbusiness/17iht-explore.1.10109060.html |title=Russian company gains right to explore for minerals in Myanmar |accessdate=2010-09-28 |publisher=New York Times |date=2008-02-17 }} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Article/Article2004/Apr/Apr10a.htm |title=Hydroelectric power projects on the golden rivers |accessdate=2010-09-28 |publisher=The New Light of Myanmar |date=2004-04-04 }} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.burmariversnetwork.org/dam-projects/tamanthi.html |title=Tamanthi Dam |accessdate=2010-09-28 |publisher=Burma Rivers network |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130414094823/http://www.burmariversnetwork.org/dam-projects/tamanthi.html |archivedate=2013-04-14 |df= }} 3 : Populated places in Sagaing Region|Homalin Township|Township capitals of Myanmar |
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