| 词条 | Coatzacoalcos | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Coatzacoalcos |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = La ciudad de las Avenidas (The city of the Avenues) |settlement_type = City and municipality |total_type = Municipality |motto = |image_skyline = Coatzacoalcos collage.jpg |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = Escudo de coatzacoalcos.png |image_shield = |image_map = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Mexico |pushpin_label_position = above |pushpin_mapsize = |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mexico |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Mexico |subdivision_type1 = State |subdivision_name1 = Veracruz |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = Municipal president |leader_name = Víctor Carranza Rosaldo {{MRN party}} |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1522 |established_title2 = Municipal status |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 471 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |population_as_of = 2015 |population_footnotes = [1] |population_note = |population_total = 319,187 |population_density_km2 = |population_metro = 347,223 |population_demonym = Coatzacoalquense, Porteño, Quetzalo |timezone = CST |utc_offset = −6 |timezone_DST = CDT |utc_offset_DST = −5 |coordinates = {{coord|18|9|N|94|26|W|region:MX|display=inline,title}} |elevation_max_m = 50 |elevation_min_m = 0 |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 96380 – 96599 |area_code = 921 |website = {{URL|http://www.coatzacoalcos.gob.mx}}{{es icon}} |footnotes = }} Coatzacoalcos ({{IPA-es|ko.at.sa.ko.ˈal.kos}}) is a major port city in the southern part of the Mexican state of Veracruz, on the Coatzacoalcos River. Coatzacoalcos comes from a Nahuatl word meaning "Site of the Snake" or "Where the snake hides". The city serves as the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name. In January 2018, a nationwide survey conducted in December 2017 by the Mexican government's statistics agency found that 93.6 percent of Coatzacoalquenses perceived their city as dangerous and unsafe. This number was the fourth highest in Mexico, behind Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Fresnillo, and Villahermosa.[1] EtymologyCoatzacoalcos, in Nahuatl, means "The place where the snake hides."[2] According to the legend, this is the place where the god Quetzalcoatl made his final journey to the sea around the year 999 and where he made his promise to return. HistoryCoatzacoalcos lives within the Olmec heartland. Excavations in 2008 for a tunnel underneath the Coatzacoalcos River indicate a substantial pre-Hispanic population.[3] By the time of the Spanish arrival the area was under Mayan influence. In 1522, Hernán Cortés ordered Gonzalo de Sandoval to fund a settlement near Guazacualco. Sandoval named it Villa del Espíritu Santo.[4] San Martín Tuxtla is an active volcano lying northwest of Coatzcoalcos in the Sierra de los Tuxtlas. It erupted in 1664, in May 1793 with large ash falls and lava flows, and most recently in 1796.[5]The town was elevated to the category of port in 1825 and the name was changed to Coatzacoalcos.[4] The municipality of Coatzacoalcos was established 22 December 1881, with the town as its seat.[4] In 1900 the town name was changed to Puerto México. In 1911 it was elevated to city, and in 1936 the name was changed to the current Coatzacoalcos.[4] On 23 July 1940, Coatzacoalcos welcomed refugees from the Spanish Civil War who sought asylum in Mexico after travelling across the Atlantic aboard the SS Santo Domingo.[4] Coatzacoalcos became a very important crossroads during the oil boom of the 1970s, connecting the Yucatán Peninsula and oil fields in Campeche to the rest of Mexico and to the port of Salina Cruz in Oaxaca on the Pacific coast. Geography and climateThe city is located at {{coord|18|9|N|94|26|W|}} where the Coatzacoalcos River debouches into the Bay of Campeche. Overland it is connected by road and rail to the Pacific Ocean about {{Convert|160|km|mi}} away. This location has prompted plans for an interoceanic waterway across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, or for a much expanded railroad system, for over a century. The city had a 2005 census population of 234,174, making it the third-largest city in the state after Veracruz and Xalapa, but first in metropolitan population. The municipality covers a surface area of {{convert|471.16|km2|sqmi|3|abbr=on}} and reported a population of 280,263 persons. The municipality population in 2010 was 305,260 an increase of 9% over 2005.[6] The largest community in the municipality, aside from the city of Coatzacoalcos, is the town of Allende, with a population of 20,501 in 2005. In the Köppen climate classification the climate is classified as Am for a tropical monsoon climate. A typical year sees more than {{Convert|290|cm|in}} of rainfall.[7] Lying on the Gulf of Mexico, Coatzacoalcos has been struck by several hurricanes and tropical storms such as: Hurricane Diana in August 1990, Hurricane Mitch in November 1998, Tropical Storm Larry in October 2003, Hurricane Stan in October 2005, Hurricane Dean in August 2007, Tropical Storm Marco in October 2008, Tropical Storm Hermine in early September 2010, Hurricane Karl in mid September 2010, Tropical Storm Matthew in late September 2010, and Hurricane Richard in October 2010. The winter months are cooler and drier than the summer months. Occasionally cold high pressure cells from North America drift south across the Gulf of Mexico and drive strong Tehuano winds across the Isthmus, with very strong wind concentration taking place in Chivela Pass in Oaxaca.[8] {{Weather box|location = Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz (1981–2000) |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |collapsed = Yes |Jan record high C = 39.5 |Feb record high C = 40.0 |Mar record high C = 39.1 |Apr record high C = 41.2 |May record high C = 42.5 |Jun record high C = 40.3 |Jul record high C = 40.0 |Aug record high C = 39.0 |Sep record high C = 38.0 |Oct record high C = 38.3 |Nov record high C = 35.6 |Dec record high C = 37.2 |year record high C = 42.5 | Jan high C = 25.6 | Feb high C = 26.6 | Mar high C = 28.9 | Apr high C = 31.0 | May high C = 32.1 | Jun high C = 31.8 | Jul high C = 30.6 | Aug high C = 30.8 | Sep high C = 30.3 | Oct high C = 29.0 | Nov high C = 28.0 | Dec high C = 26.2 | year high C = 29.2 |Jan mean C = 22.6 |Feb mean C = 23.6 |Mar mean C = 25.3 |Apr mean C = 27.3 |May mean C = 28.6 |Jun mean C = 28.4 |Jul mean C = 27.1 |Aug mean C = 27.8 |Sep mean C = 27.3 |Oct mean C = 26.2 |Nov mean C = 25.2 |Dec mean C = 23.5 |year mean C = 26.1 | Jan low C = 19.6 | Feb low C = 20.5 | Mar low C = 21.7 | Apr low C = 23.5 | May low C = 25.2 | Jun low C = 25.0 | Jul low C = 23.6 | Aug low C = 24.7 | Sep low C = 24.2 | Oct low C = 23.4 | Nov low C = 22.4 | Dec low C = 20.8 | year low C = 22.9 |Jan record low C = 11.7 |Feb record low C = 9.6 |Mar record low C = 11.8 |Apr record low C = 12.0 |May record low C = 19.1 |Jun record low C = 19.9 |Jul record low C = 17.1 |Aug record low C = 20.8 |Sep record low C = 19.0 |Oct record low C = 18.0 |Nov record low C = 14.9 |Dec record low C = 12.0 |year record low C = 9.6 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 95.1 |Feb precipitation mm = 58.2 |Mar precipitation mm = 46.1 |Apr precipitation mm = 48.4 |May precipitation mm = 155.2 |Jun precipitation mm = 234.8 |Jul precipitation mm = 268.2 |Aug precipitation mm = 311.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 506.2 |Oct precipitation mm = 364.6 |Nov precipitation mm = 265.8 |Dec precipitation mm = 223.6 |year precipitation mm = 2577.1 |Jan humidity = 82 |Feb humidity = 80 |Mar humidity = 73 |Apr humidity = 74 |May humidity = 75 |Jun humidity = 77 |Jul humidity = 79 |Aug humidity = 79 |Sep humidity = 80 |Oct humidity = 78 |Nov humidity = 80 |Dec humidity = 81 |year humidity = 78 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 11.0 |Feb precipitation days = 6.3 |Mar precipitation days = 4.6 |Apr precipitation days = 4.7 |May precipitation days = 5.1 |Jun precipitation days = 12.9 |Jul precipitation days = 14.9 |Aug precipitation days = 19.1 |Sep precipitation days = 19.9 |Oct precipitation days = 14.1 |Nov precipitation days = 12.6 |Dec precipitation days = 11.6 |year precipitation days = 136.6 |Jan sun = 132 |Feb sun = 143 |Mar sun = 192 |Apr sun = 211 |May sun = 209 |Jun sun = 195 |Jul sun = 199 |Aug sun = 199 |Sep sun = 166 |Oct sun = 159 |Nov sun = 147 |Dec sun = 123 |year sun = 2075 | source 1 = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional[9] |date=April 2012}} EconomyThe city's industry is dominated by the petrochemical sector. Four big industrial petrochemical complexes are located near the city (Pajaritos, Cosoleacaque, Morelos and Cangrejera) making it one of the most important concentrations of its kind in the world. The state-owned Pemex Petroquímica subsidiary is headquartered in Coatzacoalcos and 85% of its production is concentrated there.[10] EducationThe Universidad Veracruzana maintains a branch campus and library in Coatzacoalcos.[11] SportsThe Tiburones Rojos de Coatzacoalcos (Red Sharks) played in the Primera División A until December 2008 when they moved to Orizaba to become part of a reformed Albinegros de Orizaba. The Delfines de Coatzacoalcos (Dolphins) play in the Estadio Rafael Hernández Ochoa, which was built in 1980.[12] TransportationCoatzacoalcos has been a transportation hub for hundreds of years. It is connected via air, water, road, and rail to the surrounding region and the rest of the world. The Minatitlán/Coatzacoalcos National Airport is {{Convert|15|km|mi}} away in Cosoleacaque and has been an international airport since August 2006. The Port of Coatzacoalcos (Puerto Mexico) is an international port of entry that provides transhipment of oil and petrochemicals. After an upgrade to the railway along the Tehuantepec Route was opened in 1907 by Porfirio Díaz the port saw an increase of shipping via the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, particularly from the American-Hawaiian Steamship Company. The port saw a decrease in traffic after the opening of the Panama Canal from 1914 on, but traffic has started to build up since the oil boom of the 1970s. The railway is now known as the Ferrocarril Transístmico ("Trans-Isthmic Railroad"). The CG Railway operates train ferries between the Port of Coatzacoalcos and the Port of Mobile in Alabama, USA. Ferrosur also provides rail service in and out of Coatzacoalcos as far southeast as Las Choapas, to the north and west to Veracruz and Mexico City, as well as to the south over the Tehuantepec route now owned by Ferrocarril Transistmico from Medias Aguas to Salina Cruz in the state of Oaxaca.[13] Mexican Federal Highway 180 follows the southern shore of the Bay of Campeche through Coatzacoalcos to the Yucatán Peninsula. Highway 180 and a rail line to Allende have been carried over the Coatzacoalcos River via the 1910 built Coatza I bridge for more than a century. A second cable stayed bridge known as Coatza II or Antonio Dovalí Jaime was built to the south to carry more road traffic over the river. It was constructed starting in 1979 and was opened by president Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado on 17 October 1984.[14] Coatza II has a center span of {{Convert|288|m|ft}} and an overall length of {{Convert|698.25|m|ft}}.[15] A ferry operates between the city of Coatzacoalcos and Allende, which in 2017 was supplemented by a {{convert|1.1|km|mi|adj=on}} underwater tunnel that carries four lanes of traffic.[4]MediaCoatzacoalcos is served by diverse media including print, television, and radio. Newspapers include the national La Crónica de Hoy,[3] as well as the regional Diario del Istmo[16] and Liberal del Sur.[17] The television stations serving the Coatzacoalcos market are:
There are several AM and FM radio stations:
Notable peopleCoatzacoalcos is the birthplace of actress Salma Hayek; journalist María Antonieta Collins; and footballers Sergio Ramirez who played for FC Ararat Yerevan in the Armenian Premier League, and José Arturo Rivas who plays for the Tigres de la UANL in the Primera División de México. Also, Silviano Delgado Valladolid who was part of Mexico's National Squad during Barcelona 1992 Olympic Games and played for Toluca F.C., Puebla F.C., Morelia F.C. Sister city
See also{{Portal|Mexico}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://palabrasclaras.mx/destacadas/coatzacoalcos-veracruz-las-mayor-percepcion-inseguridad/|title=Coatzacoalcos y Veracruz, con las de mayor percepción de inseguridad - PalabrasClaras.mx|first=Agencias|last=Noticias|website=palabrasclaras.mx}} 2. ^{{Cite web|last=Wimmer|first=Alexis|url=http://sites.estvideo.net/malinal/|title=DICTIONNAIRE de la langue NAHUATL CLASSIQUE|language=French|accessdate=4 April 2011}} 3. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=352394|title=Coatzacoalcos archaeological finds|work=La Crónica de Hoy|date=16 March 2008|language=Spanish|accessdate=17 May 2008}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite web|url=http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_veracruz |title=E-Local -Veracruz |language=Spanish |accessdate=2 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517162104/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_veracruz |archivedate=17 May 2011 |df= }} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1401-11=|title=Global Volcanism Program - San Martín - Summary|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|accessdate=3 April 2011}} 6. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/sistemas/mexicocifras/Default.aspx?i=i&ent=30|title=INEGI - México en cifras: Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática|accessdate=3 April 2011}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ucm.es/info/cif/station/me-coatz.htm|title=Worldwide Bicolimatic Classification System Mexico-Coatzacoalcos|publisher=Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System Phitosociological Research Center|language=Spanish|accessdate=2 April 2011}} 8. ^{{Cite web|last=Bourassa|first=Mark A.|author2=O'Brian, James J.|url=http://coaps.fsu.edu/~bourassa/pubs/tpec_HW/tpec_HW.shtml|title=Non-Inertial Flow in NSCAT Observations of Tehuantepec Winds|accessdate=3 April 2011}} 9. ^{{cite web| url = http://smn.cna.gob.mx/observatorios/historica/coatzacoalcos.pdf| title = NORMALES CLIMATOLÓGICAS 1981–2000| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional | language = Spanish| accessdate = February 13, 2016}} 10. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ptq.pemex.com/AcercaPPQ/Paginas/default.aspx|title=Acerca de Pemex Petroquímica|quote=integrado por Pemex Petroquímica Organismo Subsidiario de Petróleos Mexicanos, el cual tiene ubicadas sus oficinas centrales en la Ciudad de Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz|language=Spanish|publisher=Pemex|accessdate=2011-03-22}} 11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.uv.mx/coatza/|title=Entidades académicas - Coatzacoalcos - Minatitlán - Universidad Veracruzana|language=Spanish|accessdate=3 April 2011}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://wikimapia.org/1411241/Stadium-Hernandez-Ochoa|title=Stadium Hernandez Ochoa (Coatzacoalcos)|accessdate=3 April 2011}} 13. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.ferrosur.com.mx/gxpsites/hgxpp001.aspx?1,1,17,O,S,0,MNU;E;10;1;MNU;,|title=Vias principales|language=Spanish|accessdate=3 April 2011}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.imagendelgolfo.com.mx/resumen.php?id=165013|date=31 March 2010|title=Puente Coatza II, 26 años de comunicar al sureste mexicano - Agencia Imagen del Golfo|publisher=Diario del Istmo|language=Spanish|accessdate=3 April 2011}} 15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0000647|title=Coatzacoalcos Bridge (1984) - Structurae|accessdate=3 April 2011}} 16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.diariodelistmo.com/|title=Diario del Istmo - El Diario que Leemos todos - Noticias Coatzacoalcos - Veracruz - Zona Sur|language=Spanish|accessdate=2 April 2011}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://liberal.com.mx/portal/|title=Liberal del Sur, Periodismo Trascendente|language=Spanish|accessdate=2 April 2011}} Sources
External links{{Commons category|Coatzacoalcos}}
| Centre = Municipio de Coatzacoalcos | North = Gulf of Mexico (Bay of Campeche) | Northeast = | East = Agua Dulce | Southeast = Moloacán | South = Nanchital / Ixhuatlán del Sureste | Southwest = Cosoleacaque | West = Pajapan | Northwest = }} 7 : Populated places in Veracruz|Cities in Mexico|Port cities and towns of the Mexican Gulf Coast|Ports of the Gulf of Mexico|Populated places established in 1522|1522 establishments in New Spain|1520s establishments in Mexico |
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