| 词条 | Hooded dotterel |
| 释义 |
| image = Thinornis rubricollis - Orford.jpg | image_caption = At Prosser River Spit, Orford, Tasmania, Australia | status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = {{r|IUCN}} | genus = Thinornis | species = cucullatus | authority = (Vieillot, 1818) | synonyms =Charadrius rubricollis Gmelin, 1789 Charadrius cuculatus Thinornis rubricollis |synonyms_ref = [1]}} The hooded dotterel or hooded plover[2] (Thinornis cucullatus) is a species of bird in the family Charadriidae. It is endemic to southern Australia and Tasmania where it inhabits ocean beaches and subcoastal lagoons. There are two recognised subspecies, both of which are classified as endangered. TaxonomyThe hooded dotterel was placed in genus Charadrius but in the early 2000s it was reclassified into the genus Thinornis, along with shore plover (Thinornis novaeseelandiae).{{r|BirdLife}}{{r|ibc}} In 2000 the number of mature individuals was estimated at 7,000.{{r|BirdLife}} Alternate common names include: hooded plover, hoody, pluvier à camail (in French), kappenregenpfeifer (in German), and chorlito encapuchado (in Spanish).{{r|ibc}} SubspeciesTwo subspecies of the hooded dotterel are now recognised.{{r|BirdLife}}
DescriptionThe hooded dotterel is medium in size for a plover, stocky, and pale in colour. Its length is {{convert|190|to(-)|230|mm|in|abbr=on}} and its wing-span {{convert|230|to(-)|440|mm|in|abbr=on}}. It has a black hood and throat with a white collar. Its red bill has a black tip. It has a red eye ring and orange legs.{{r|bie}} Underparts are white. Males and females are similar. Adults and juveniles are similar except the juveniles do not have the black head and hindneck, which are instead a sandy brown.{{r|back}} BehaviourA clutch of 1–3 eggs is laid from August to March, which includes also the peak of the Austral summer tourist season in its range and it is thereby heavily impacted by human activities.[2]{{r|redlist}} The eggs are a matte beige or cream colour heavily sprinkled with dark brown and lavender markings, especially at the larger end of the egg. Pyriform in shape, they measure {{convert|37|x|27|mm|in|2|abbr=on}}.{{r|beru}} Eggs hatch in about 30 days.{{r|beru}} The eastern population eats a variety of invertebrates but little is known of the diet of the western population.{{r|BirdLife}}{{r|redlist}} Specifically it eats insects, bivalves, and sandhoppers. It is usually seen in pairs or small groups near the water. For breeding it will dig a shallow scrape in sand or gravel above high-water mark and line it with pebbles, seaweed, and other debris.{{r|back}} The population of hooded dotterels has declined in eastern Australia as a result of disturbance by people, dogs and horses, as well as predation by silver gulls (Larus novaehollandiae), ravens (Corvus spp) and introduced foxes.{{r|BirdLife}}{{r|redlist}} Fox predation is a major threat to the western subspecies. Distribution and habitatIts natural habitats are freshwater lakes, freshwater marshes, coastal saline lagoons, and sandy beaches. Heavy populations are found on beaches with seaweed and dunes. It is threatened by habitat loss because of its small population and limited native range. It is a non-migratory inhabitant of coastal and subcoastal Western Australia, South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania, and is a vagrant in Queensland. Important Bird AreasBirdLife International has identified the following sites as being important for hooded dotterel conservation:[3]{{col-begin}}{{col-break}}
See also
References1. ^{{avibase|37C6EE3578D023D7|Thinornis cucullatus}} [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]2. ^{{cite web|title=Hooded Plover Thinornis rubricollis |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/speciesfactsheet.php?id=3144| publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=4 June 2011}} 3. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.birdlife.org |title= Hooded Plover |accessdate=2012-10-27 |work= Important Bird Areas |first= |last= |publisher= BirdLife International |year= 2012}} 4. ^{{cite book | last = Beruldsen | first = Gordon | title = Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs | publisher = self | year = 2003 | location = Kenmore Hills, Qld | page = 221 | isbn = 0-646-42798-9}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Hooded Dotterel|url=http://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:biodiversity.org.au:afd.taxon:8f1f6ed7-694a-4c50-bfae-fe8e78568e66|publisher=Biodiversity Information Explorer|accessdate=4 June 2011}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=Thinornis rubricollis rubricollis — Hooded Plover |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=59510|publisher=Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities|accessdate=4 June 2011}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Thinornis rubricollis rubricollis — Hooded Plover (eastern) |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=66726|publisher=Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities|accessdate=4 June 2011}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Taxon Summary – Hooded Plover (western) |url=http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/action/birds2000/pubs/hooded-pl-w.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities |accessdate=4 June 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112162545/http://environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/publications/action/birds2000/pubs/hooded-pl-w.pdf |archivedate=12 November 2011 |df= }} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Hooded Plover (Charadrius rubricollis)|url=http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/hooded-plover-charadrius-rubricollis|publisher=Internet Bird Collection|accessdate=4 June 2011}} 10. ^1 {{IUCN|id=22693883 |title=Thinornis rubricollis |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Thinornis rubricollis |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/144122/0 |work=IUCN Red List |publisher=IUCN |accessdate=4 June 2011 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 12. ^{{cite journal|journal=Journal for the East Asian – Australasian Flyway| volume=53|issue=|pages= 6–12|publisher=Stilt|title=Hooded Plover Thinornis rubricollis tregellasi breeding data from Western Australia|url=http://www.awsg.org.au/stilt/Stilt-53abstract.pdf |last=Elson| first=Stephen J.|author2=Marcus J. C. Singor|format=PDF|date=April 2008 }} 13. ^{{cite journal|journal=Stilt |volume=55 |issue= |pages=25–26 |publisher=Stilt |title=Inland Movements of the Hooded Plover Thinornis Rubricollis Tregellasi in Western Australia |url=http://www.worldwaders.org/dokok/literature/53/movementhoodedplover_stilt55.pdf |last=Singor |first=Marcus |format=PDF |date=April 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325000135/http://www.worldwaders.org/dokok/literature/53/movementhoodedplover_stilt55.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-25 |df= }} }} External links{{Commons category|Thinornis cucullatus}}
8 : Thinornis|Birds of Western Australia|Birds of South Australia|Birds of Victoria (Australia)|Birds of Tasmania|Endemic birds of Australia|Birds described in 1818|Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
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