“House of Baux”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The House of Baux is a French noble family from the south of France. It was one of the richest and most powerful families of Medieval Provence, known as the 'Race d’Aiglon'. They were independent Lords as castellan of Les Baux and Arles and wielded very considerable authority at local level. They held important fiefs and vast lands, including the principality of Orange.^[1]

In Provençal, the word “Baux” ( "li Baou" in provencal) means escarpment/cliff, and refers to the natural fortress on which the family built their castle, the Château des Baux and the village that surrounded it. The word is also seen in Bau-maniere, Bau-baisse, Bau-mirane, Bau-Cous-temple. In provencal to be from les Baux, des Baux, was "de Baucio". The natural defense provided by the escarpment, the raised and protected mountain valley that allowed them to have a protected food supply, and the natural ridge of the Alpilles that allowed them to control all the approaches to the citadel of Les Baux and the surrounding countryside, including the passage up and down the Rhone, and the approaches from the Mediterranean, made that the fortress impervious to the military technology of the time.

The family of des Baux exists today in Naples in the person of several noble families ("del Balzo") descended from younger sons who followed Charles of Anjou south.^[2]

After the death of {{illm|Alix des Baux|fr|Alix des Baux}}, the last sovereign of Baux, the chateaux and town were seized by King Rene, who gave it to his 2nd wife, Queen Jeanne of Laval. When Provence was united with the crown, almost 150 yrs of royal governors followed, including the lords, later counts and princes de Manville. Les Baux became a centre for Protestantism. Its unsuccessful revolt against the crown led Cardinal Richelieu in 1632 to order that the castle and its walls should be demolished. This was accomplished with the aid of artillery.

Lords of Baux

The earliest definite ancestor was one Pons (Poncius) (name could designate a trader from Greece) "Iuvenis" (the younger, meaning there was an older?). Pons The Younger was mentioned in 3 legal acts:^[3]

This branch of the House of Baux was declared extinct in 1426. The domains were inherited by Counts of Provence.

Lords of Berre, Meyragues, Puyricard and Marignane

From this branch originated the family branches of the {{illm|Seigneurs de Berre|fr|Seigneurs de Berre}}, Lords of Meyrargues and Puyricard, who became extinct in 1349, and lords of Marignane, acquired by House of Valois-Anjou, as well as the Dukes of Andria.

Princes of Orange

In 1417 the House of Ivrea or House of Châlon-Arlay succeeded as princes of Orange.

A brother of William I started the branch of the Lords of Courbezon (House of Baux-Courbezon), which became extinct in 1393. Another brother started the line of Lords of Suze, Solerieux and Barri (House of Baux-Suze-Solerieux-Barri), which became extinct and reverted afterwards to the counts of Orange.

Family Genealogy

The ancestors of the Lords of Baux

Simplified Family Tree of the Lords of Baux

The family tree of the lords of Baux (per the references cited in the adjacent footnote, rather than footnote each person, as they are from all these sources):

See also

Notes

1. ^{{harvnb|Grew|1947|page=5(specifically & on to pg 16)}}.
2. ^{{Cite web |last=del Balzo |first=Gioacchino |title=GENEALOGY Maison del Balzo/des Baux |url=http://www.delbalzo.net/genealogia2.htm |accessdate=21 April 2011}}
3. ^*{{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Paulet |first=l'Abbe L. |title=Les Baux et Castillon: Histoire des communes des Baux, de Paradou, de Maussane, et de Mouries |publisher=Marcel Petit|year=1986 |location=, Place de l'Eglise, 13200 Raphele-les-Arles}}
4. ^*{{cite book|title=Phantoms of Remembrance: memory and oblivion at the end of the first millennium|first=Patrick J |last=Geary J |page=76|url=http://press.princeton.edu/titles/5552.html}}*{{cite book|first=Olivier |last=d’Hauthuille |title=Héraldique et généalogie}} 89.I.160Genealogy works*Georges de Manteyer, [https://archive.org/details/laprovenceduprem00mantuoft La Provence du premier au douzième siècle, études d'histoire et de géographie...] (1908),*Juigné de Lassigny, Généalogie des vicomtes de Marseille...,*Fernand Cortez, Les grands officiers royaux de Provence au moyen-âge listes chronologiques...,*Papon, de Louis Moréri, du marquis de Forbin, Monographie de la terre et du château de Saint-Marcel, près Marseille: du Xe au XIXe siècle... ("Monograph of the land and the castle of Saint-Marcel, near Marseille, from the tenth to the nineteenth century ..."), Marseille, 1888*J. Berge, Origines rectifiées des maisons féodales Comtes de Provence, Princes d'Orange ..., France-Riviera, 1952*Poly, Jean-Pierre, La Provence et la société féodale (879-1166), Paris: Bordas, 1976,*Jacques Saillot, Le Sang de Charlemagne...Sources also on the Vicomtes de Marseille*Édouard Baratier, Ernest Hildesheimer et Georges Duby, Atlas historique...*and the table of Henry de Gérin-Ricard, Actes concernant les vicomtes de Marseille et leurs descendants...
5. ^*{{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Cook |first=Theodore Andrea, Sir, 1867-1928 |title= Twenty-five great houses of France; the story of the noblest French chateaux |publisher= Offices of "Country Life" [etc.]|year= 1905 | location = London| page= 127|quote = The first Count of Les Baux, whose name alone we know, was Leibulf, whose son Pons, or Poncius, owned large lands in Argence Old Provence }}
6. ^Blismodis de Mâcon
7. ^*{{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Grew |first=Marion Ethel |title=The House of Orange |publisher=Methuen & Co. Ltd |year=1947 |location=London}}*{{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Rowen |first =Herbert H. |title= The princes of Orange: the stadholders in the Dutch Republic|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1988}}*{{Cite book |ref=harv |last=de Pontbriant |first=A. |title=Histoire de la principaute d'Orange: suivre de lettres inedites des princes d'Orange, des rois de France, du Cte de Grignan, etc. |publisher=Seguin freres|year=1891 |location=Avignon}}*{{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Paulet |first=l'Abbe L. |title=Les Baux et Castillon: Histoire des communes des Baux, de Paradou, de Maussane, et de Mouries |publisher=Marcel Petit|year=1986 |location=, Place de l'Eglise, 13200 Raphele-les-Arles}}*{{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Schwennicke |first=Detlev |title= Europäiche Stammtafeln, Stammtafeln der Europäichen Staaten, Neue Folge, Volume III, Part 4, Das feudale Frankreich und sein Einfluß auf die Welt des Mittelalters |publisher= Verlag J.A. Stargardt |year= 1989 |location= Marburg |pages= 745, 748, 751, & 752}}*{{cite web |ref = harv|title = biographies on personages below in French Wikipedia (and English) Wikipedia|url=http://fr.wikipedia.org}}*{{cite web |ref = harv|title = Princes of Orange, 1171-1584AD|url=http://www.friesian.com/lorraine.htm#orange}}*{{cite web |ref = harv|title = The family de Baux/del Balzo,GENEALOGY.EU|url=http://genealogy.euweb.cz/baux/baux1.html}}Genealogy works* Gioacchino del Balzo di Presenzano, http://www.delbalzo.net/genealogia2.htm GENEALOGY Maison del Balzo/des Baux extensive bibliography*G.Noblemaire, Histoire de la Maison des Baux,Parigi: 1912 and 1975*J.Dunbabin, Charles I of Anjou,London/New York: 1998*E.Leonard,Les Angevins de Naples,Paris: 1954*Almanach of Gotha, 1888-1943*F. Mazel,La Noblesse et l’Eglise en ProvenceFin X – debut XIV siecle,L’Exemple des familles d’Agoult-Simiane,des Baux et de Marseilles,CTHS – Paris: 2002*H.Aliquot et R.Merceron,Armorial d’Avignon et Du Comtat Venaissin, Avignon:1987*Cambridge Medieval History, Volumes I – IX, Cambridge: 1911*Cambridge Medieval History, Vol II,III, IV ,Revised Edition 1996 -2003*Cambridge Modern History, Volumes I-XII , Cambridge: 1962-63
8. ^{{harvnb|Grew|1947|page=16}}.
9. ^*{{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Paulet |first=l'Abbe L. |title=Les Baux et Castillon: Histoire des communes des Baux, de Paradou, de Maussane, et de Mouries |publisher=Marcel Petit|year=1986 |location=, Place de l'Eglise, 13200 Raphele-les-Arles}}** fr:Alix des Baux
10. ^Sg Courthézon, gave his rights to the principality to Raymond IV for this lordship. One male line died out c.1372, the other two lead to the counts d'Alessano,and counts d'Alessano, including the Orsini des Baux, died out by 1550.{{cite web |ref = harv| last = del Balzo di Presenzano| first = Gioacchino|title = GENEALOGY Maison del Balzo/des Baux, with bibliography cited there|url=http://www.delbalzo.net/genealogia2.htm| date = |accessdate = 2012-08-28}}
11. ^Gave his rights to his brother. Male line died out c. 1409.{{cite web |ref = harv| last = del Balzo di Presenzano| first = Gioacchino|title = GENEALOGY Maison del Balzo/des Baux|url=http://www.delbalzo.net/genealogia2.htm| date = |accessdate = 2012-08-28}}{{cite web |ref = harv| last = del Balzo di Presenzano| first = Gioacchino|title = GENEALOGY Maison del Balzo/des Baux, with bibliography cited there|url=http://www.delbalzo.net/genealogia2.htm| date = |accessdate = 2012-08-28}}
12. ^She was married to Odon de Villars and Conrad IV de Furstemberg. Her uncle, on her mother's side, Raymond de Turenne used the fortress of Baux to wage war on the counts of Provence. On her death, the lordship of Baux was seized by King Rene, the count of Provence and given to his wife, Jeanne of Laval, thus ending its independence.fr:Alix des Baux*{{Cite book |ref=harv |last=Paulet |first=l'Abbe L. |title=Les Baux et Castillon: Histoire des communes des Baux, de Paradou, de Maussane, et de Mouries |publisher=Marcel Petit|year=1986 |location=, Place de l'Eglise, 13200 Raphele-les-Arles}}