| 词条 | Codex Mendoza |
| 释义 |
The Codex Mendoza is an Aztec codex, created between 1529 and 1553 and perhaps circa 1541. It contains a history of the Aztec rulers and their conquests, a list of the tribute paid by the conquered, and a description of daily Aztec life, in traditional Aztec pictograms with Spanish explanations and commentary. It is named after Don Antonio de Mendoza, then the viceroy of New Spain, who may have commissioned it, possibly with the intent that it be seen by Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The codex is also known as the Codex Mendocino and La colección Mendoza, and has been held at the Bodleian Library at Oxford University since 1659. It was removed from public exhibition on 23 December 2011.[1] The Bodleian Library holds four other Mesoamerican codices: Codex Bodley, Codex Laud, Codex Selden and the Selden Roll. HistoryThe manuscript must date from after 6 July 1529, since Hernán Cortés is referred to on folio 15r as 'marques del Valle'.[2] It must have been produced before 1553, when it was in the possession of the French cosmographer André Thevet, who wrote his name on folios 1r, 2r, 70v, 71v. The final page of the manuscript explains some of the circumstances in which it was produced.[3] {{quote | text=The reader must excuse the rough style in the interpretation of the drawings in this history, because the interpreter did not take time or work at all slowly...The interpreter was given this history ten days prior to the departure of the fleet, and he interpreted it carelessly because the Indians came to agreement late; and so it was done in haste and he did not improve the style suitable for an interpretation, nor did he take time to polish the words and grammar or make a clean copy.}} The manuscript was therefore finished in haste and designed to be sent to Spain. More precise information regarding the exact date of the manuscript and the reasons it was produced is controversial. The testimony of the conquistador Jerónimo López, probably dating from 1547, may be relevant.[4]{{quote | text=it must have been about six years ago more or less that entering one day into the home of an Indian who was called Francisco Gualpuyogualcal, master of the painters, I saw in his possession a book with covers of parchment and asking him what it was, in secret he showed it to me and told me that he had made it by the command of Your Lordship, in which he has to set down all the land since the founding of the city of Mexico and the lords that had governed and ruled until the coming of the Spaniards and the battles and clashes that they had and the taking of this great city and all the provinces that it ruled and had made subject and the assignment of these towns and provinces that was made by Motezuma to the principal lords of this city and of the fee that each one of the knights gave him from the tributes of the towns that he had and the plan that he employed in the aforesaid assignment and how he sketched [?] the towns and provinces for it. (tr. H. B. Nicholson)}} Silvio Zavala argued this the book referred to was the Codex Mendoza,[5] and his arguments were restated by Federico Gómez de Orozco.[6] If this is the case, then the Codex was written circa 1541 ('six years ago more or less' from López's recollection) and was commissioned by Mendoza. As H. B. Nicolson has pointed out, however, the description is not an exact fit for the Codex, and the identification is not certain.[7] According to a later account by Samuel Purchas, a later owner of the Codex, writing in 1625, the Spanish fleet was attacked by French privateers, and the codex, along with the rest of the booty, taken to France.[8] It was certainly in the possession of André Thévet, cosmographer to King Henry II of France. Thévet wrote his name in five places on the codex, twice with the date 1553. It was later owned by the Englishman Richard Hakluyt. According again to Samuel Purchase, Hakluyt bought the Codex for 20 French francs. Some time after 1616 it was passed to Samuel Purchase, then to his son, and then to John Selden. The codex was deposited into the Bodleian Library at Oxford University in 1659, five years after Selden's death, where it remained in obscurity until 1831, when it was rediscovered by Viscount Kingsborough and brought to the attention of scholars. ContentWritten on European paper, it contains 71 pages, divided into three sections:
Folios 73 to 85 of MS. Arch. Selden. A. 1, as currently foliated, do not form part of the Codex Mendoza. These folios comprise an originally separate manuscript, apparently written in England in the first half of the seventeenth century. This manuscript contains tables of the comparative value of Roman, Greek, English and French money. The two manuscripts were bound together in England in the early seventeenth century.[11] Section IGallerySection IIGallerySection IIIGalleryReferences1. ^{{cite web|url=https://treasures.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/treasures/codex-mendoza/|title=Bodleian Treasures - Codex Mendoza|publisher=The Bodleian Library|df=}} 2. ^{{cite book |last1=Berdan |first1=F. F. |last2=Anawalt |first2=P. R. |title=Codex Mendoza |date=1992 | volume=1 |page=5}} 3. ^{{cite book |last1=Berdan |first1=F. F. |last2=Anawalt |first2=P. R. |title=The Essential Codex Mendoza |date=1997 |page=148}} 4. ^{{cite book |last1=Berdan |first1=F. F. |last2=Anawalt |first2=P. R. |title=Codex Mendoza |date=1992 |volume=1 |pages=1–2}} 5. ^{{cite journal |last1=Zavala |first1=Silvio |title=Las encomiendas de Nueva España y el gobierno de don Antonio de Mendoza |journal=Revista de Historia de América |date=1938 |volume=1 |pages=59–75}} 6. ^{{cite journal |last1=Gómez de Orozco |first1=Federico |title=¿Quien fue el autor material del Códice Mendocino y quien su interprete? |journal=Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos |date=1941 |volume=5 |pages=43–52}} 7. ^{{cite book |last1=Berdan |first1=F. F. |last2=Anawalt |first2=P. R. |title=Codex Mendoza |date=1992 |volume=1 |page=2}} 8. ^{{cite book |last1=Berdan |first1=F. F. |last2=Anawalt |first2=P. R. |title=Codex Mendoza |date=1992 |volume=1 |page=7}} 9. ^{{cite book |last1=Berdan |first1=F. F. |last2=Anawalt |first2=P. R. |title=Codex Mendoza |date=1992 |volume=1 |pages=55–6}} 10. ^{{cite journal |last1=Batalla Rosado |first1=J. J. |title=The scribes who painted the Matrícula de Tributos and the Codex Mendoza |journal=Ancient Mesoamerica |date=Spring 2007 |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages= 31–51}} 11. ^{{cite book |last1=Berman |first1=F. F. |last2=Anawalt |first2=P. R. |title=Codex Mendoza |date=1992 |volume=1 |page=23}}
External links{{Portal|Mexico|New Spain}}
9 : Aztec codices|1540s books|16th-century illuminated manuscripts|Aztec society|1540s in Mexico|1540s in New Spain|Bodleian Library collection|1540s in North America|16th century in the Aztec civilization |
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