词条 | Hughes TH-55 Osage | ||||||||||||||||
释义 |
The Hughes TH-55 Osage was a piston-powered light training helicopter produced for the United States Army. It was also produced as the Model 269 family of light utility helicopters, some of which were marketed as the Model 300. The Model 300C was produced and further developed by Schweizer after 1983. DevelopmentIn 1955, Hughes Tool Company's Aircraft Division carried out a market survey which showed that there was a demand for a low-cost, lightweight two-seat helicopter. The division began building the Model 269 in September 1955. It was initially designed with a fully glazed cockpit with seating for two pilots, or a pilot and passenger. It also had an open-framework fuselage and a three-blade articulated rotor. The prototype flew on 2 October 1956,[2] but it wasn't until 1960 that the decision was made to develop the helicopter for production. The original truss-work tailboom was replaced with a tubular tailboom and the cockpit was restructured and refined prior to being put into production. With this model, Hughes successfully captured a large portion of the civilian helicopter market[2] with an aircraft that would prove itself popular in agriculture, police work and other duties. DesignThe Hughes 269 was designed with a fully articulated, three-blade main rotor designed by Drago Jovanovich, and a two-blade tail rotor that would remain as distinctive characteristics of all its variants. It also has shock absorber-damped, skid-type landing gear. The flight controls are directly linked to the swashplate of the helicopter so there are no hydraulic systems in the 269. There are generally two sets of controls, although this was optional on the civil 269A. For three-seat aircraft, the middle collective control stick is removable and a seat cushion can be put in its place for the third passenger. Operational historyIn 1958, prior to full-time production, Hughes provided five preproduction Model 269 examples to the U.S. Army for evaluation as a light observation helicopter to replace the aging OH-13 Sioux and OH-23 Raven. Designated as the YHO-2HU[3][4] the helicopter was eventually turned down. 9 April 1959, the 269 received certification from the FAA and Hughes continued to concentrate on civil production. With some design changes, deliveries of the Model 269A version began in 1961. By mid-1963 about 20 aircraft were being produced a month and by the spring of 1964, 314 had been built. While the U.S. Army had not found the Model 269 adequate for combat missions, in 1964 it adopted the Model 269A as its training helicopter to replace the TH-23 and designated it the TH-55A Osage.[4] 792 TH-55 helicopters would be delivered by 1969, and it would remain in service as the U.S. Army's primary helicopter trainer until it was replaced in 1988 by the UH-1 Huey. At the time of its replacement, over 60,000 U.S. Army pilots had trained on TH-55 making it the U.S. Army's longest serving training helicopter.[3] In addition to the U.S. Army, Hughes delivered TH-55/269/300s to other military customers.[3] In 1964, Hughes introduced the slightly larger three-seat Model 269B which it marketed as the Hughes 300. That same year, the Hughes 269 set an endurance record of 101 hours. To set the record, two pilots took turns piloting the aircraft and hovered in ground-effect for fueling. To ensure no cheating, eggs were attached to the bottom of the skid gear to register any record-ending landing.[2] The Hughes 300 was followed in 1969 by the improved Hughes 300C (sometimes 269C), which first flew on 6 March 1969 and received FAA certification in May 1970. This new model introduced a more powerful 190 hp (140 kW) Lycoming HIO-360-D1A engine and an increased-diameter rotor, giving a payload increase of 45%, plus overall performance improvements.[3] It was this model that Schweizer began building under license from Hughes in 1983.[5] In 1986, Schweizer acquired all rights to the helicopter from McDonnell Douglas, who had purchased Hughes Helicopters in 1984, and renamed it McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems. For a few years after, Schweizer acquired the FAA Type Certificate known as the Schweizer-Hughes 300. While Schweizer made over 250 minor improvements, the basic design remained unchanged. Between Hughes and Schweizer, and including foreign-licensed production civil and military training aircraft, nearly 3,000 copies of the Model 269/300 have been built and flown over the last 50 years. That would have been the end of the story, but Schweizer continued to develop the model 300 by adding a turbine and redesigning the body to create the model 330m, and then further developed the dynamic components to take greater advantage of the power of the turbine engine; this led to the development of the Model 333. Variants
Operators
Specifications (Hughes 269A){{aircraft specifications|plane or copter?=copter |jet or prop?=prop |ref=Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum[2] |crew=two |payload main= |payload alt= |length main=28 ft 11 in |length alt=8.8 m |span main=25 ft |span alt=7.6 m |height main=7 ft 11 in |height alt=2.4 m |area main= 490.9 ft² |area alt= 45.6 m² |empty weight main= 896 lb |empty weight alt= 406 kg |loaded weight main= 1550 lb |loaded weight alt= 703 kg |useful load main= |useful load alt= |max takeoff weight main= |max takeoff weight alt= |more general= |engine (prop)=Lycoming HIO-360-B1A |type of prop= |number of props=1 |power main= 180 hp |power alt= 134 kW |max speed main= 78 kts |max speed alt= 90 mph |cruise speed main= 65 kts |cruise speed alt= 75 mph |range main= 203 nm |range alt= 233 miles |ceiling main=14,630 ft |ceiling alt=4,460 m |climb rate main= |climb rate alt= |loading main= |loading alt= |thrust/weight= |power/mass main= |power/mass alt= |avionics= }} See also{{aircontent|related=
|similar aircraft=
|lists= |see also= }} References
1. ^FLUG REVIEW online accessed 1 October 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410164737/http://www.flug-revue.rotor.com/Frtypen/FRSch300.htm |date=April 10, 2007 }} 2. ^1 2 3 "Military helicopters." Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum. Retrieved: 17 June 2012. 3. ^1 2 3 Frawley, 2002, p. 148. 4. ^1 Gunston 1978, p. 205. 5. ^Frawley 2003, p. 190. 6. ^Fort Wolters Tour: The Aircraft 7. ^Hirschberg and Daley, 7 July 2000 8. ^{{citation |work=Flight International |date=11 July 1968 |number=3096 |volume=94 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%201204.html|title=World Helicopter Market 1968 |page= 48 |publisher= flightglobal.com |accessdate=21 February 2013}} 9. ^{{citation |work=Flight International |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%201205.html |title=World Helicopter Market 1968 - pg. 49 |publisher= flightglobal.com |date=11 July 1968 |number=3096 |volume=94 |accessdate=21 February 2013}} 10. ^{{citation |work=Flight International |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%201206.html|title=World Helicopter Market 1968 - pg. 50 |publisher= flightglobal.com |date=11 July 1968 |number=3096 |volume=94 |accessdate=21 February 2013}} 11. ^1 {{cite web | last = | first = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = World 's Air Forces 1987 pg 49| work=Flight International | publisher = | date = | url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202499.html | doi = | accessdate = 2013-02-21}} 12. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.helis.com/database/model/636/|title=Breda Nardi NH300C|work=Helis.com|access-date=2018-09-20|language=en}} 13. ^"Hughes 269C." Haiti Air Force Unit History. Retrieved: 17 June 2012. 14. ^{{citation |work=Flight International |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%203646.html|title= World 's Air Forces 1990 pg 54 |publisher= flightglobal.com |date=|accessdate=21 February 2013}} 15. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.airliners.net/photo/Honduras---Air/Hughes-TH-55A-%20Osage/1316101/L/&sid=cbc3efc39843d239f3c0a7e9ba7bc7b1|title=Honduran Hughes-TH-55A |publisher= Demand media|date=|accessdate=21 February 2013}} 16. ^{{citation |work=Flight International |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202510.html|title= World 's Air Forces 1987 pg 60 |publisher= flightglobal.com |date=|accessdate=21 February 2013}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://jetphotos.net/viewphoto.php?id=7498539&nseq=2 |title=Indian Naval Hughes 269C |publisher=jetphotos.net |date= |accessdate=21 February 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001951/http://jetphotos.net/viewphoto.php?id=7498539&nseq=2 |archivedate=11 September 2014 |df= }} 18. ^{{citation |work=Flight International |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202516.html|title= World 's Air Forces 1987 pg 66 |publisher= flightglobal.com |date=|accessdate=21 February 2013}} 19. ^{{citation |work=Flight International |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202531.html|title= World 's Air Forces 1987 pg 81|publisher= flightglobal.com |date=|accessdate=21 February 2013}} 20. ^{{citation |work=Flight International|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202540.html|title= World 's Air Forces |page= 90 |publisher= flightglobal.com |date=1987|accessdate=21 February 2013}} 21. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1968/1968%20-%201211.html|title=World Helicopter Market 1968 - pg. 55 |publisher= flightglobal.com |date=11 July 1968 |number=3096 |volume=94 |accessdate=21 February 2013}} 22. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/2000/2000-1%20-%201998.html|title= World 's Air Forces 2000 pg 90 |publisher= flightglobal.com |date=|accessdate=21 February 2013}} 23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.airliners.net/photo/Taiwan---Army/Hughes-TH-55C-Osage/0319657/L/&sid=cbc3efc39843d239f3c0a7e9ba7bc7b1 |title= Taiwan Army Hughes-TH-55C |publisher= Demand media|date=|accessdate=21 February 2013}} 24. ^{{citation |work=Flight International |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1987/1987%20-%202545.html|title= World 's Air Forces 1987 pg 95 |publisher= flightglobal.com |date=|accessdate=21 February 2013}} 25. ^http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/tu-army-equipment.htm 26. ^{{cite web|url= http://olive-drab.com/idphoto/id_photos_th55_osage.php|title= TH-55A Osage Training Helicopter |publisher= olive-drab.com |date=|accessdate=21 February 2013}}
External links{{commons category|TH-55 Osage}}
7 : United States helicopters 1950–1959|United States military helicopters|United States military utility aircraft 1960–1969|United States civil utility aircraft 1960–1969|Hughes aircraft|Single-engined piston helicopters|Aircraft first flown in 1956 |
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