| 词条 | Human blood group systems | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
}} The term human blood group systems is defined by International Society of Blood Transfusion as systems in the human species where cell-surface antigens—in particular, those on blood cells—are "controlled at a single gene locus or by two or more very closely linked homologous genes with little or no observable recombination between them",[1] and include the common ABO and Rh (Rhesus) antigen systems, as well as many others; thirty-five major human systems are identified as of November 2014.[2] In addition to the ABO and Rh systems, the antigens expressed on blood cell membrane surfaces include 346 red blood cell antigens and 33 platelet antigens, as defined serologically.[3]{{better source|date=February 2016}} The genetic basis for most of these antigens lie in 46 red blood cell and 6 platelet genes.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} An individual, for example, can be AB RhD positive, and at the same time M and N positive in the MNS system, K positive in the Kell system, and Lea or Leb positive in the Lewis system,{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} where these and many of the systems are named for patients in whom the corresponding antibodies were first detected.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Blood grouping postulates{{unreferenced section|date=February 2016}}CellsBlood is composed of cells suspended in a liquid called plasma. Suspended in the plasma are three types of cells:
AntigensThe most common type of grouping is the ABO blood group system. The varieties of glycoprotein and glycolipid coating on red blood cells divides blood into four groups:
Another antigen, the Rh factor, plays an important part in the grouping of blood. If this is present, the particular blood type is called Rh-positive. If it is absent, it is called Rh-negative. Rare blood typesIn addition to the ABO and Rh blood group systems, there are more than two hundred{{Contradict-inline|date=February 2018}} minor blood groups that can complicate blood transfusions. These are known as rare blood types. Whereas common blood types are expressed in a letter or two, which may be a plus or a minus, a smaller number of people express their blood type in an extensive series of letters in addition to their AB± type designation. For example, the h/h blood group, also known as Oh or the Bombay blood group, is a rare blood type.[4]{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} Blood group systems
References1. ^{{cite web | author = ISBT | year = 2016 | url=http://ibgrl.blood.co.uk/ISBT%20Pages/ISBT%20Terminology%20Pages/Terminology%20Home%20Page.htm | title = International Society for Blood Transfusion (ISBT) Committee on Terminology for Red Cell Surface Antigens, Terminology Home Page | access-date = 20 February 2016}} 2. ^1 {{cite web | author = ISBT | year = 2014 | url= http://www.isbtweb.org/fileadmin/user_upload/files-2015/red%20cells/general%20intro%20WP/Table%20blood%20group%20systems%20v4.0%20141125.pdf|title= Table of Blood Group Systems v4.0 (November) | publisher= International Society of Blood Transfusion | accessdate = 19 February 2016 }} 3. ^{{cite journal |author1=Lane, W.J. |author2=Westhoff, C.M. |author3=Uy, J.M. |author4=Aguad, M. |author5=Smeland-Wagman, R. |author6=Kaufman, R.M. |author7=Rehm, H.L.K. |author8=Green, R.C. |author9=Silberstein, L.E. | year = 2015 | title = Comprehensive Red Blood Cell and Platelet Antigen Prediction from Whole Genome Sequencing: Proof of Principle | journal = Transfusion | volume = 56| issue = 3| pages = 743–54 | doi = 10.1111/trf.13416 | pmid = 26634332 | url = | quote = }}{{primary source inline|date=February 2016}}{{full citation needed|date=February 2016}} 4. ^This blood phenotype was first discovered in Bombay, now known as Mumbai, in India, by Dr. Y. M. Bhende in 1952.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}} 5. ^1 {{Cite journal| authors = Helias, V.; Saison, C.; Ballif, B.A.; Peyrard, T.; Takahashi, J.; Takahashi, H.; Tanaka, M.; Deybach, J.C.; Puy, H.; Le Gall, M.; Sureau, C.; Pham, B.N.; Le Pennec, P.Y.; Tani, Y.; Cartron, J.P. & Arnaud, L. | year = 2012 | title=ABCB6 is Dispensable for Erythropoiesis and Specifies the New Blood Group System Langereis | journal=Nature Genetics | volume = 44 | issue = 2, January 15 | pages = 170–173 | doi=10.1038/ng.1069 | pmc = 3664204 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3664204/pdf/nihms465850.pdf | pmid=22246506 | quote = [Quoting Abstract: The human ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter ABCB6 has been described as a mitochondrial porphyrin transporter essential for heme biosynthesis, but it is also suspected to contribute to anticancer drug resistance, as do other ABC transporters located at the plasma membrane. We identified ABCB6 as the genetic basis of the Lan blood group antigen expressed on red blood cells but also at the plasma membrane of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, and we established that ABCB6 encodes a new blood group system (Langereis, Lan). Targeted sequencing of ABCB6 in 12 unrelated individuals of the Lan(-) blood type identified 10 different ABCB6 null mutations. This is the first report of deficient alleles of this human ABC transporter gene. Of note, Lan(-) (ABCB6(-/-)) individuals do not suffer any clinical consequences, although their deficiency in ABCB6 may place them at risk when determining drug dosage.] }} 6. ^{{cite journal |last1=Daniels |first1=G. |last2=Ballif |first2=B. A. |last3=Helias |first3=V. |last4=Saison |first4=C. |last5=Grimsley |first5=S. |last6=Mannessier |first6=L. |last7=Hustinx |first7=H. |last8=Lee |first8=E. |last9=Cartron |first9=J.-P. |last10=Peyrard |first10=T. |last11=Arnaud |first11=L. |title=Lack of the nucleoside transporter ENT1 results in the Augustine-null blood type and ectopic mineralization |journal=Blood |date=20 April 2015 |volume=125 |issue=23 |pages=3651–3654 |doi=10.1182/blood-2015-03-631598 |pmid=25896650 |display-authors=8 |pmc=4458803}} Further reading
2 : Blood antigen systems|Transfusion medicine |
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