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词条 Human rights in Thailand
释义

  1. Constitutional guarantees

  2. Infringement of human rights

     Human trafficking  Rights of the press and right to assembly  South Thailand insurgency  2003 war on drugs  Torture  Forced disappearances 

  3. Burmese refugees

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. Further reading

  7. External links

{{Politics of Thailand|Thai Garuda emblem.png}}

Thailand was among the first nations to sign the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights[1] of 1948 and seemed committed to safeguarding Human Rights in Thailand. In practice, the reality has been that the powerful can abuse the human rights of their subjects with impunity. From 1977 to 1988, Amnesty International reported that there "...were 1,436 alleged cases of arbitrary detention, 58 forced disappearances, 148 torture [sic] and 345 extrajudicial killings in Thailand....The authorities investigated and whitewashed each case."[2] Amnesty International's Amnesty International Report 2017/18; The State of the World's Human Rights demonstrates that not much has changed in the interim.[3]{{RP|358-361}}

Constitutional guarantees

{{see also|Constitution of Thailand}}

The 1997 constitution was abrogated in September 2006 following the military coup. The military regime imposed an interim constitution which was in effect until the 2007 version was approved a year later by referendum. The 2007 constitution was partially abrogated by the military regime that came to power in May 2014 and replaced by an interim constitution in effect until the new constitution was approved in 2016.

Many new rights were introduced in the 1997 constitution. These included the right to free education, the rights of traditional communities, and the right to peacefully protest coups and other extra-constitutional means of acquiring power, the rights of children, the elderly, rights of the handicapped, and equality of the genders. Freedom of information, the right to public health and education, and consumer rights were also recognized. A total of 40 rights, compared to only nine rights in the constitution of 1932, were recognized in the 1997 constitution.[4]

The current (2016) constitution, drafted by a body appointed by the military junta (NCPO), states in section 4: "The human dignity, rights, liberty and equality of the people shall be protected".[5] This is unchanged from the 2007 constitution.[6] Sections 26 to 63 set out an extensive range of specific rights in such areas as criminal justice, education, non-discrimination, religion, and freedom of expression.

The 2007 constitution reinstated much of the extensive catalogue of rights explicitly recognized in the People's Constitution of 1997. That constitution outlined the right to freedom of speech, freedom of press, peaceful assembly, association, religion, and movement within the country and abroad.

Infringement of human rights

The U.S. Department of State has registered concerns in several areas.[7]

Human trafficking

{{Main|Human trafficking in Thailand|Child prostitution in Thailand}}

Human trafficking is a major issue in Thailand. This includes misleading and kidnapping men from Cambodia by traffickers and selling them into illegal fishing boats that trawl the Gulf of Thailand and the South China Sea. These men are promised better paid jobs but instead forced to work as sea slaves as much as 3 years.[8] Numerous international news organizations including The Guardian, AP, and The New York Times have extensively covered the topic; The Associated Press, in particular, has won prominent awards for their coverage (although not without controversy for overstating their role in combating trafficking).

Children trafficking is also another major issue in Thailand forcing kidnapped children as young as four to use as sex slaves in major cities like Bangkok and Phuket.{{CN|date=January 2015}} Such activities are especially rife in rural areas of Thailand.[9]

Instances of forced labor in the fish and shrimp industry as well as child labour in the pornography industry are still observed in Thailand and have been reported in the 2013 U.S. Department of Labor's report on the worst forms of child labor[10] and in the 2014 List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor.

Rights of the press and right to assembly

{{Unreferenced|section|date=October 2013}}

In the wake of the 2006 and 2014 coup d'états, the right to free speech, association, and freedom of movement were seriously eroded. The military governments implemented a ban on political meetings and prohibited media criticism. Political activities of all types were banned.

The Southeast Asian Press Alliance (SEAPA) noted that Thailand's media environment—prior to the coup considered one of the freest and most vibrant in Asia—had quickly deteriorated following the military ousting of Thaksin Shinawatra. It noted the closure of around 300 community radio stations in Thai provinces, the intermittent blocking of cable news channels (particularly whenever news on Thaksin and criticism of the coup came up), and the suspension of some Thai websites devoted to discussing the implications of military intervention to Thai democracy. SEAPA also noted that while there seemed to be no crackdown on journalists, and while foreign and local reporters seemed free to roam, interview, and report on the coup as they saw fit, self-censorship was a certain issue in Thai newsrooms.

British journalist, Suzanne Buchanan, has reported on the recent string of tourist deaths and sexual assaults in Ko Tao. Though she has not been to Thailand in over two years, she is wanted by police who say she is peddling fake news.[11]

South Thailand insurgency

Problems have been reported in the southern provinces related to the South Thailand insurgency. Some 180 persons are reported to have died there while in custody in 2004. In a particularly high-profile case, Muslim human rights lawyer Somchai Neelaphaijit was reportedly harassed, threatened, and finally forcibly disappeared in March 2004 following his allegations of torture by state security forces.[12] In 2006, Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra stated that he believed that Somchai was dead and that state security forces appeared to be responsible.[13] Five policemen were eventually charged in Somchai's death, though the trial only resulted in one conviction that was overturned on appeal in March 2011.[14] The verdict was denounced by the Asian Human Rights Commission,[15] and Somchai's wife Angkhana declared her intention to continue to appeal the case to the Thai Supreme Court.[14]

2003 war on drugs

{{See also|Policies of the Shinawatra administration#Anti-drug policies|Thaksin Shinawatra#Anti-drug policies}}

The government's antidrug war in 2003 resulted in more than 2,500 extrajudicial killings of suspected drug traffickers.[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]{{citation overkill|date=January 2019}} Prison conditions and some provincial immigration detention facilities are characterized as poor. In 2004 more than 1,600 persons died in prison or police custody, 131 as a result of police actions.

The Nation reported on 27 November 2007:

"Of 2,500 deaths in the government's war on drugs in 2003, a fact-finding panel has found that more than half was not involved in drug at all. At a brainstorming session, a representative from the Office of Narcotics Control Board (ONCB) Tuesday disclosed that as many as 1,400 people were killed and labelled as drug suspects despite the fact that they had no link to drugs....Senior public prosecutor Kunlapon Ponlawan said it was not difficult to investigate extra-judicial killings carried out by police officers as the trigger-pullers usually confessed."[24][25]

The 24 January 2008 edition of The Economist reported:

...a panel set up last year by the outgoing junta recently concluded the opposite: over half of those killed in 2003 had no links to the drugs trade. The panel blamed the violence on a government 'shoot-to-kill' policy based on flawed blacklists. But far from leading to the prosecutions of those involved, its findings have been buried. The outgoing interim prime minister, Surayud Chulanont, took office vowing to right Mr Thaksin's wrongs. Yet this week he said there was insufficient evidence to take legal action over the killings. It is easy to see why the tide has turned. Sunai Phasuk, a researcher for Human Rights Watch, a lobbying group, says that the panel's original report named the politicians who egged on the gunmen. But after the PPP won last month's elections, those names were omitted.

The New York Times reported on 8 April 2003:

Since the death of 9-year-old Chakraphan, there have been frequent reports in the Thai press of summary executions and their innocent victims. There was the 16-month-old girl who was shot dead along with her mother, Raiwan Khwanthongyen. There was the pregnant woman, Daranee Tasanawadee, who was killed in front of her two young sons. There was the 8-year-old boy, Jirasak Unthong, who was the only witness to the killing of his parents as they headed home from a temple fair. There was Suwit Baison, 23, a cameraman for a local television station, who fell to his knees in tears in front of Mr. Thaksin and begged for an investigation into the killing of his parents. His stepfather had once been arrested for smoking marijuana, Mr. Suwit said. When the police offered to drop the charge if he would admit to using methamphetamines, he opted instead to pay the $100 fine for marijuana use. Both parents were shot dead as they returned home from the police station on a motorbike. Mr. Suwit said 10 other people in his neighborhood had also been killed after surrendering to the police.[17]

Torture

The Constitution of Thailand prohibits acts of torture, but the Thai legal system has no definition of torture and torture is not recognized as an offence by Thailand's legal system.[26][27]

In a report entitled, "Make Him Speak by Tomorrow": Torture and other Ill-Treatment in Thailand[28] that was to have been formally released in Bangkok on 28 September 2016, Amnesty International accused the Thai police and military of 74 incidents of brutality. An Amnesty International press conference to unveil the report was halted by Thai authorities who cited Thai labour laws prohibiting visiting foreigners from working in Thailand.[29][30] The three foreign speakers were Rafendi Djamin, Amnesty International Director for Southeast Asia and the Pacific, Yubal Ginbar, a lawyer working for the rights group, and Laurent Meillan, acting Southeast Asia representative for the United Nations High Commission on Human Rights.[31] The Thai government denied the torture allegations. The government spokesman, General Sansern Kaewkamnerd, emphasized that, "Our investigations into such allegations have shown no indication of torture, I have seen no indication of torture and the Thai people have seen no indication of torture,..." Jeremy Laurence, a representative of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNOHCHR) had been scheduled to speak at the press conference.[32] "This incident is another striking illustration of a new pattern of harassment of human rights defenders documenting torture in Thailand," he said.[33]

Thailand has been a signatory to the United Nations Convention against Torture since 2 October 2007. Section 28 of the Thai 2016 constitution states, "A torture, [sic] brutal act or punishment by cruel or inhumane means shall be prohibited."[5]

A bill to prevent torture and enforced disappearance will be put before Thailand's National Legislative Assembly (NLA) in late-December 2018. The bill would criminalise torture and enforced disappearances, including during wars and political unrest. The draft law specifies that the Department of Special Investigation (DSI) be responsible for investigating cases of enforced disappearance and torture. Only in events where DSI officials are accused of such crimes would police be assigned to investigate. Imprisonment for five to 25 years, and/or a fine of 100,000 to 300,000 baht would be levied on guilty parties. Were the bill to become a law, every government agency restricting people's rights would be required to maintain a database of people whose rights are restricted, actions taken, and the disposition of their cases.[34]

Forced disappearances

According to Amnesty Thailand, at least 59 human-rights defenders have been victims of forced disappearance since 1998.[34] The Bangkok Post counts 80 confirmed disappeared, and likely murdered, since 1980. The military government of Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha has refused to criminalize torture and enforced disappearances.[35]

Among those who disappeared:

  • Somchai Neelapaijit, attorney
  • Pholachi "Billy" Rakchongcharoen, Karen-ethnic activist
  • Den Khamlae, villager-turned-activist[36][37]
  • On 22 June 2016, an anti-monarchist in Laos, Itthipol Sukpan, a 28-year-old pro-democracy broadcaster known as DJ Zunho, was snatched by unknown assailants and pulled into the woods. He was never seen again.[44]
  • Wuthipong Kachathamakul, also known as Ko Tee, red shirt activist[38][44]
  • Surachai Danwattananusorn or Surachai Sae Dan, a radical red shirt and critic of the monarchy together with two aides, Chatchan "Phoo Chana" Boonphawal and Kraidet "Kasalong" Luelert.[39][40][41]

Burmese refugees

Burmese refugees in Thailand can stay in one of the refugee camps along the border with Burma, which protect them from arrest and summary removal to Burma but they lack freedom to move or work. Or, they can live and work outside the camps, but typically without recognized legal status of any kind, leaving them at risk of arrest and deportation. From 2005 to 2011, more than 76,000 Burmese refugees were resettled from the border camps to third countries, though the total number of camp residents has remained at about 140,000.

[42][43]

Camp refugees who venture out of the camps are regarded by the Thai government as illegal aliens and are subject to arrest. Thai police or paramilitaries regularly apprehend camp residents and either return them to camp if the refugees pay sufficient bribes, or send them to one of Thailand’s Immigration Detention Centers and then deport them to Burma.[44][45] Refugees in the camps find themselves subject to abuse and exploitation at the hands of other refugees. Refugees working as camp security as well as camp leaders and camp residents with hidden connections to ethnic armed groups inside Burma all wield power in the camps.[46][47]

See also

{{Portal|Human rights|Thailand}}
  • Censorship in Thailand
    • Internet censorship in Thailand
  • Constitution of Thailand
  • LGBT rights in Thailand

References

1. ^{{cite web |title=Human Rights: UDHR: Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=https://concordian-thailand.libguides.com/c.php?g=659424&p=4681363 |website=Concordian International School |accessdate=2018-11-24}}
2. ^{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Chris |title=Getting Away with It |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/lifestyle/book/1580846/getting-away-with-it |accessdate=2018-11-24 |work=Bangkok Post |date=2018-11-23 |format=Book review}}
3. ^{{cite book |title=Amnesty International Report 2017/18; The State of the World's Human Rights |date=2018 |publisher=Amnesty International |location=London |isbn=9780862104993 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL1067002018ENGLISH.PDF |accessdate=24 November 2018}}
4. ^Thanet Aphornsuvan, The Search for Order: Constitutions and Human Rights in Thai Political History {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226203229/http://rspas.anu.edu.au/pah/human_rights/papers/2001/Thanet.pdf |date=February 26, 2008 }}, 2001 Symposium: Constitutions and Human Rights in a Global Age: An Asia Pacific perspective
5. ^1 {{cite web|title=Draft Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 2016 Unofficial English Translation|url=http://www.un.or.th/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Thailand-Draft-Constitution_EnglishTranslation_Full_Formatted_vFina....pdf|website=Office of the United Nations Resident Coordinator in Thailand (|publisher=United Nations|accessdate=29 September 2016|date=June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816213546/http://www.un.or.th/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/2016_Thailand-Draft-Constitution_EnglishTranslation_Full_Formatted_vFina....pdf|archive-date=2016-08-16|dead-url=yes|df=}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.asianlii.org/th/legis/const/2007/1.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=January 23, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515162053/http://www.asianlii.org/th/legis/const/2007/1.html |archivedate=May 15, 2012 }} 2007 Constitution (unofficial translation)
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid%3D186310#wrapper |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-12-05 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002154300/http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?dlid=186310 |archivedate=2016-10-02 |df= }}
8. ^"Forced to Fish: Cambodia's sea slaves" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118165406/http://www.guardianweekly.co.uk/?page=editorial&id=913&catID=6 |date=November 18, 2007 }}. The Guardian Weekly, Jan. 30, 2009.
9. ^" New York Review", 25 June 2008
10. ^Thailand, 2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405161955/http://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/thailand.htm |date=April 5, 2016 }}
11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/03/world/asia/thailand-koh-tao-death-island.html|title=Thai Paradise Gains Reputation as ‘Death Island’|access-date=2018-11-04|language=en}}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4134512.stm |title=Missing Thai lawyer 'harassed' |author= |date=9 August 2005 |work= |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=24 April 2011}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4608594.stm |title=Missing Thai lawyer 'harassed' |author= |date=13 January 2006 |work= |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=24 April 2011}}
14. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/local/226311/policeman-acquitted-insomchai-case |title=Policeman acquitted in Somchai case|author= |date=12 March 2011 |work= |publisher=Bangkok Post |accessdate=24 April 2011}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.humanrights.asia/news/urgent-appeals/AHRC-UAU-017-2011 |title=THAILAND: Verdict on Somchai's case--his wife, daughter could not be plaintiffs; not enough evidence to convict accused |author= |date=17 March 2011 |work= |publisher=Asian Human Rights Commission |accessdate=24 April 2011}}
16. ^"Thailand War on Drugs Turns Murderous, 600 Killed This Month -- Human Rights Groups Denounce Death Squads, Executions" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060824210657/http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle/275/thailandwar.shtml |date=August 24, 2006 }}. Drug War Chronicle, 21 Feb 2003.
17. ^1 [https://archive.is/20121208194707/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9405E7DF1038F93BA35757C0A9659C8B63 "A Wave of Drug Killings Is Linked to Thai Police"]. By Seth Mydans. April 8, 2003. New York Times. {{cite web |url=http://www.akha.org/content/drugwar/drugwarsethmydansnyt.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-04-10 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183816/http://www.akha.org/content/drugwar/drugwarsethmydansnyt.html |archivedate=2016-03-03 |df= }}
18. ^Amnesty International report: [https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA39/008/2003 Thailand: Grave developments - Killings and other abuses] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726023301/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA39/008/2003 |date=July 26, 2011 }}
19. ^Human Rights Watch. Detailed report: [https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/thailand0704/4.htm#_ftn1 Thailand: Not Enough Graves: IV. Human Rights Abuses and the War on Drugs] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104122037/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2004/thailand0704/4.htm |date=November 4, 2016 }}
20. ^"Thailand: Not Smiling on Rights" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725230017/http://www.achrweb.org/reports/Thailand/Thailand0105.pdf |date=July 25, 2011 }}. July 18, 2005. Asian Centre for Human Rights. See page 24, the section called "Killings in the war against drugs".
21. ^Timeline of Thailand's "War on Drugs" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102035653/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/07/07/thaila9014.htm |date=November 2, 2008 }}. July 7, 2004. Human Rights Watch.
22. ^"Institutionalised torture, extrajudicial killings & uneven application of law in Thailand" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521101541/http://www.akha.org/upload/humanrights/documents/alrchrcthailand2005.pdf |date=May 21, 2012 }}. April 2005. See Annex 5 for a "Partial list of persons reported killed during the 'war on drugs' (revised)." Asian Legal Resource Centre. From Vol. 04 - No. 02: "Special Report: Rule of Law vs. Rule of Lords in Thailand" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915130111/http://www.article2.org/mainfile.php/0402/ |date=September 15, 2007 }}.
23. ^Bangkok Post, August 3, 2007. "Kanit to chair extrajudicial killings probe" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006090211/http://bangkokpost.net/breaking_news/breakingnews.php?id=120634 |date=October 6, 2007 }}.
24. ^1 "Most of those killed in war on drug not involved in drug" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201021139/http://www.nationmultimedia.com/breakingnews/read.php?newsid=30057578 |date=2008-02-01 }}. November 27, 2007. The Nation{{DL|date=September 2016}}. [https://archive.is/20120911090523/http://www.thailandqa.com/forum/showthread.php?t=17217]
25. ^1 "Southeast Asia: Most Killed in Thailand's 2003 Drug War Not Involved With Drugs, Panel Finds" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928123625/http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle/512/thailand_drug_killings_half_not_involved_panel_finds |date=September 28, 2008 }}. November 30, 2007. Drug War Chronicle.
26. ^{{cite book|title=Concluding observations on the initial report of Thailand|date=20 June 2014|publisher=United Nations Committee Against Torture|page=2|url=http://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhsk2oy72JlefPnicA9mLXtq%2b9%2f5hbXwg%2b5JWNDr0RdTusMRgzu6yegqVTu8QgwbPcc9dIir1Tfe5g9kMOTJykFvZmYIG7TVsYdYCm2OgOMRJK|accessdate=13 March 2017}}
27. ^{{cite news|title=Thailand leaves legal loophole for torture, disappearances – UN|url=https://asiancorrespondent.com/2017/03/thailand-leaves-legal-loophole-torture-disappearances/|accessdate=25 March 2017|work=Asian Correspondent|date=1 March 2017}}
28. ^{{cite book|title=Make Him Speak by Tomorrow": Torture and other Ill-Treatment in Thailand|date=2016|publisher=Amnesty International|location=London|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/09/thailand-a-culture-of-torture-under-the-military/}}
29. ^{{cite news|title=Thailand: Torture victims must be heard|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/09/thailand-torture-victims-must-be-heard/|accessdate=29 September 2016|publisher=Amnesty International|date=28 September 2016|format=Press release}}
30. ^{{cite news|last1=Ives|first1=Mike|title=Under Pressure, Amnesty International Cancels Briefing on Torture in Thailand|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/29/world/asia/thailand-amnesty-torture-report.html|accessdate=29 September 2016|work=New York Times|date=28 September 2016}}
31. ^{{cite news|last1=Constant|first1=Max|title=Thailand: Report on torture by junta 'still unverified'|url=http://aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/thailand-report-on-torture-by-junta-still-unverified-/654993|accessdate=30 September 2016|agency=Anadolu Agency|date=29 September 2016}}
32. ^{{cite news|last1=Cochrane|first1=Liam|last2=Vimonsuknopparat|first2=Supattra|title=Thailand authorities shut down Amnesty International torture talk with threats of arrest|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-09-28/thailand-shuts-down-amnesty-torture-event-with-arrest-threats/7885664|accessdate=29 September 2016|work=ABC (Australia)|date=28 September 2016}}
33. ^{{cite news|last1=Holmes|first1=Oliver|title=Amnesty calls off launch of Thai torture report after police warning|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/28/amnesty-thailand-torture-report-launch-cancelled-police-warning|accessdate=29 September 2016|work=The Guardian|date=28 September 2016}}
34. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Saengpassa |first1=Chularat |title=Bill on torture to go before NLA |url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/detail/national/30359857 |accessdate=2018-12-05 |work=The Nation |date=2018-12-05}}
35. ^{{cite news |title=Horror of the disappeared |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1627098/horror-of-the-disappeared |accessdate=2019-02-11 |work=Bangkok Post |format=Opinion}}
36. ^{{cite news |last1=Cooper |first1=Zac |last2=Van Buskirk |first2=Caroline |last3=Fernes |first3=Praveena |title=Den Khamlae – The disappearing face of a land rights movement |url=https://isaanrecord.com/2017/05/15/den-khamlae-disappearing-face-land-rights-movement/ |accessdate=2018-12-05 |work=The Issan Record |date=2017-05-17}}
37. ^{{cite news |title=Activist goes missing amid land dispute |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/news/general/942517/activist-goes-missing-amid-land-dispute |accessdate=2018-12-05 |work=Bangkok Post |date=2016-04-22}}
38. ^{{cite web |title=Laos/Thailand: Investigate Abduction of Exiled Red Shirt Activist |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/08/01/laos/thailand-investigate-abduction-exiled-red-shirt-activist |website=Human Rights Watch |accessdate=2018-12-30 |date=2017-08-01}}
39. ^{{cite news |last1=Rojanaphruk |first1=Pravit |title=Wife Fears Anti-Monarchist Forced to Disappear in Laos |url=http://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2018/12/24/wife-fears-anti-monarchist-forced-to-disappear-in-laos/ |accessdate=2018-12-30 |work=Khaosod English |date=2018-12-24}}
40. ^1 2 {{cite news |last1=Norman |first1=Anne |title=What do Thailand and Saudi Arabia have in common? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/01/30/what-do-thailand-saudi-arabia-have-common/?utm_term=.2fee60ef3cb7 |accessdate=2019-02-02 |work=Washington Post |date=2019-01-30 |format=Opinion}}
41. ^{{cite news |last1=Sopranzetti |first1=Claudio |title=It's time we listened to the plight of Thai dissidents abroad |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/time-listened-plight-thai-dissidents-190130124839715.html |accessdate=2019-02-02 |work=Al Jazeera |format=Opinion|date=31 January 2019}}
42. ^{{cite web|title=Thailand refugees|url=https://www.hrw.org/node/109633/section/4|work=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=December 23, 2012}}
43. ^{{cite web|title=Thailand |url=http://www.arcrelief.org/site/PageServer?pagename=programs_Thailand# |work=American Refugee Committee |accessdate=December 28, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814044255/http://www.arcrelief.org/site/PageServer?pagename=programs_Thailand |archivedate=August 14, 2012 |df= }}
44. ^{{cite web|title=Thailand refugees|url=https://www.hrw.org/node/109633/section/4|work=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=December 23, 2012}}
45. ^{{cite web|title=Thailand |url=http://www.arcrelief.org/site/PageServer?pagename=programs_Thailand# |work=American Refugee Committee |accessdate=December 28, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814044255/http://www.arcrelief.org/site/PageServer?pagename=programs_Thailand |archivedate=August 14, 2012 |df= }}
46. ^{{cite web|title=Thailand|url=http://www.refintl.org/where-we-work/asia/thailand|work=Refugees International|accessdate=December 23, 2012}}
47. ^{{cite web|title=The Refugee Crisis in Myanmar (Burma)|url=http://thaifreedomhouse.org/about-us/burmese-refugees/|work=Thai Freedom House|accessdate=December 28, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907062451/http://www.thaifreedomhouse.org/about-us/burmese-refugees/|archive-date=September 7, 2012|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book |last1=Haberkorn |first1=Tyrell |title=In Plain Sight; Impunity and Human Rights in Thailand |date=2018 |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |location=Madison |isbn=9780299314408 |edition=Hardcover |url=https://books.google.co.th/books/about/In_Plain_Sight.html?id=Y-1DDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y |accessdate=24 November 2018}}

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20060815141120/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/163/ Freedom of expression in Thailand] - IFEX
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070604210537/http://thailand.ahrchk.net/ Asian Human Rights Commission - Thailand homepage]
  • Rule of Lords Weekly column on human rights & the rule of law in Thailand and Burma
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20031008232942/http://www.article2.org/pdf/v02n03.pdf Royal Thai Police catalogue or torture and murder]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20091206205143/http://gallery.marihemp.com/akha Thailand 2003. Extrajudicial drug-war killings of innocent people]. December 6, 2009. Photo gallery. Press/media links, and human rights reports.
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4 : Human rights in Thailand|Political history of Thailand|Social history of Thailand|Human rights by country
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