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词条 Hurricane Dog (1950)
释义

  1. Meteorological history

  2. Preparations

  3. Impact

  4. Records, naming, and aftermath

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Other hurricanes|Hurricane Dog (disambiguation){{!}}Hurricane Dog}}{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2017}}{{Infobox Hurricane
| Name=Hurricane Dog
| Type=hurricane
| Year=1950
| Basin=Atl
| Image location=Hurricane Dog (1950).JPG
| Image name=Surface weather analysis of Hurricane Dog on September 4
| alt=A drawn weather map of Hurricane Dog. The storm is depicted to be north of Puerto Rico. The eastern tip of North Carolina is seen in the top-left portion of the map.
| Formed=August 30, 1950
| Dissipated=September 18, 1950
| Extratropical=September 11
| 1-min winds=125
| Pressurepre=≤
| Pressure=943
| Damages=3
| Inflated=1
| Fatalities=26 direct, 5 indirect
| Areas=Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, East Coast of the United States, Bermuda, Atlantic Canada, Northern Ireland, Scotland
| Hurricane season=1950 Atlantic hurricane season
}}

Hurricane Dog was the most intense hurricane in the 1950 Atlantic hurricane season. Prior to reanalysis by the Hurricane Research Division in 2014, it was considered one of the strongest Atlantic hurricanes on record, equivalent to Category 5 status on the modern Saffir-Simpson scale, with winds of {{convert|185|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=3|lk=on}}. The fourth named storm of the season, Dog developed on August 30 to the east of Antigua; after passing through the northern Lesser Antilles, it turned to the north and intensified into a Category 4 hurricane. Dog reached its peak intensity with winds of {{convert|145|mph|km/h|-1|abbr=on}} over the open Atlantic, and after weakening it passed within {{convert|200|mi|km|-1}} of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The storm became extratropical on September 12.

Hurricane Dog caused extensive damage to the Leeward Islands, and was considered the most severe hurricane on record in Antigua. Many buildings were destroyed or severely damaged on the island, with thousands left homeless just weeks after Hurricane Baker caused serious damage there. In the United States, the hurricane caused moderate coastal damage, including damage to several boats, and resulted in 11 offshore drownings. Strong winds caused widespread power outages across southeastern New England. There were twelve people missing and assumed dead offshore Nova Scotia. Damage across its path totaled about $3 million (1950 USD, ${{Formatprice|{{inflation|US|3000000|1950|2009}}|1}} 2009 USD).

Meteorological history

{{storm path|Dog 1950 track.png}}

The exact origins of Hurricane Dog are obscure, due to sparse ship and land observations over the eastern Atlantic Ocean; the storm may have originated from an easterly wave on August 24 near the Cape Verde islands, but there are no observations to support such development.[1] Ships first encountered the storm on August 30, when the SS Sibrodin reported gale-force winds and an area of low pressure about {{convert|320|mi|km|-1}} east-southeast of Antigua. The storm is first documented as a hurricane with winds of {{convert|90|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} late on August 30.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} With high pressures to its northeast, the storm tracked west-northwestward and rapidly intensified: on August 31 it attained major hurricane status, reaching winds of {{convert|130|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}—the first peak intensity in its life—before entering the Leeward Islands. Early on September 1, Hurricane Dog passed just north of Antigua as the equivalent of a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} A weather station on Antigua reported a pressure of {{convert|28.73|inHg|mb|sigfig=3|lk=on}}, though the eye of the hurricane missed the station.[1] After bypassing Antigua, Hurricane Dog weakened slightly, based on reports by reconnaissance aircraft; the cyclone made its first and only landfall over Anguilla with winds of {{convert|120|to|125|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}. The cyclone produced hurricane-force winds over Antigua and the nearby island of Saint Martin, which reported a pressure of {{convert|978.7|mb|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}.[2][3]

Early on September 2, Hurricane Dog came under weak steering currents, causing it to drift northward.[3] The cyclone weakened even further: aircraft recorded a central pressure of {{convert|962|mb|inHg|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}, and maximum sustained winds diminished to {{convert|115|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}.[1] The storm mostly maintained its intensity for two more days, but on September 4 it began to re-intensify as it turned northwestward.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} On September 5 Hurricane Dog regained Category 4 intensity about {{convert|335|mi|km|-1}} north of the eastern tip of the Dominican Republic. The hurricane strengthened further after turning to the north, and Hurricane Dog reached its second and strongest peak intensity of {{convert|145|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} On September 6 Hurricane Hunters visually estimated peak winds of {{convert|185|mph|km/h|-1|abbr=on}} about {{convert|450|mi|km}} south-southwest of Bermuda;[3] however, being early in the period of hurricane reconnaissance, such wind speeds—derived from observations of the sea surface—were subjective and sometimes unreliable.[4] In 2014, a reanalysis of HURDAT by the Hurricane Research Division found that the peak winds in Hurricane Dog were more likely {{convert|145|mph|km/h|-1|abbr=on}}, marking a reduction in the intensity of Hurricane Dog from Category 5 to Category 4.[1] Nevertheless, while now estimated to have been less intense than assessed operationally in 1950, Dog was a formidable hurricane while over the western Atlantic, producing wave heights of over {{convert|100|ft|m|-1}}.[3]

Hurricane Dog maintained its peak intensity for about 12 hours.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} On September 7, the cyclone attained a central pressure of {{convert|948|mbar|inHg|2|abbr=on}}, which was the lowest pressure in association with the hurricane.[5] A building ridge of high pressure to its north caused it to decelerate and weaken steadily for unknown reasons as it turned to the west; by September 9, the intensity had decreased to {{convert|75|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} On September 10, Hurricane Dog began turning to the northwest, and a day later it headed north and then northeast. Late that day, it briefly re-intensified slightly to {{convert|100|mph|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} before transitioning into an extratropical cyclone with hurricane-force winds.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The former hurricane passed within {{convert|200|mi|km|-1}} of Cape Cod on September 12. Shortly afterwards, the extratropical remnant turned to the east, losing hurricane winds for several days beginning on September 13.{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} The system eventually turned to the northeast on September 15, and a day later it regained hurricane-force winds as a vigorous extratropical cyclone. Early on September 17, the cyclone struck Scotland with winds of {{convert|75|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}, but the system persisted until finally losing its identity north of Scotland on September 18.[3]{{Atlantic hurricane best track}}

Preparations

In the United States, the threat of the hurricane prompted the National Weather Bureau to issue warnings of gale force winds, high tides, and rough surf from the Outer Banks of North Carolina to Maine. At least 17 naval ships were moved in preparation for the hurricane. Rhode Island state police officers warned homeowners near the coast to be ready to evacuate, if necessary. There, officials also closed several beaches and canceled ferry travel along the state's southern waterways.[6]

On the day of the hurricane's closest approach to the United States, the National Weather Bureau issued storm warnings from Cape May, New Jersey, to Eastport, Maine.[7]

Impact

Passing through the Lesser Antilles, Hurricane Dog produced a storm surge of {{convert|8|ft|m|1}} in Antigua.[8] Winds on Antigua and Barbuda were estimated at {{convert|130|mph|km/h|-1|abbr=on}},[3] with a gust of {{convert|144|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} recorded at St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda.[9] On Antigua, where hurricane-force winds were reported for six hours, residents considered it the most severe hurricane in history.[3] Hurricane Dog left thousands homeless on Antigua, just weeks after Hurricane Baker caused severe damage on the island.[10] Damage throughout the Lesser Antilles totaled $1 million (1950 USD, ${{Formatprice|{{inflation|US|1000000|1950|2009|r=-4}}}} 2009 USD), primarily on Antigua and Barbuda, and included many damaged or destroyed homes, ruined crops, blocked roads from washouts or fallen trees, and power outages across the islands. The hurricane resulted in several shipwrecks; two people drowned when their small boat capsized.[3] The hurricane sank a boat on the island of Saint-Barthélemy, where damage amounted to $70,000 (1950 USD, ${{Formatprice|{{inflation|US|70000|1950|2009}}|-4}} 2009 USD).[11]

Heavy rain fell in the Mid-Atlantic States, leading to flash floods in some locations. In Bel Air, Maryland, a car drove into the swollen Little Gunpowder Falls; three people in the car drowned and a fourth was injured. A further two people drowned in Lexington, Virginia. Though newspaper sources attributed the heavy rainfall to Hurricane Dog,[7] this was not confirmed.[3] The hurricane deposited light to moderate rainfall across southeastern Massachusetts, ranging from around {{convert|1|in|mm|0}} to about 4 to 5 inches (100 to 125 mm) near Nantucket.[12][13] In Provincetown, a car hit a woman—neither the driver nor the victim was able to see due to the rains. A man in Falmouth was paralyzed from the waist downwards after coming into contact with a wet tree limb next to a downed power line.[7]

The hurricane produced high tides and rough surf along the East Coast of the United States, with coastal flooding reported along some beaches in Rhode Island.[6] The hurricane capsized or damaged several boats along the coastline, including two large vessels in Nantucket. In Marblehead, Massachusetts, the surf grounded at least 15 vessels from the harbor onto a coastal causeway. Near Cape Cod, damage to fishermen's assets totaled $150,000 (1950 USD, ${{Formatprice|{{inflation|US|150000|1950|2009}}|1}} 2009 USD). Tides along Nantucket were reported at the highest levels since the 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane.[7] Hurricane Dog produced powerful wind gusts along coastal areas of New England, which caused widespread power outages, including a loss of power to 15 towns on Cape Cod, to hundreds of residences on Nantucket, and to several other locations in the area. Additionally, winds from the hurricane destroyed two small barns and uprooted a few trees, some of which blocked roads.[7] Overall damage was fairly light, totaling about $2 million (1950 USD, ${{Formatprice|{{inflation|US|2000000|1950|2009}}|2}} 2009 USD)—a much lower total than would have been expected if the hurricane had made landfall. In all, 12 people died in New England as a result of the hurricane.[3] Two ships went missing during the storm along the coast of Nova Scotia, with a crew of six people each; their status is unknown, and they are considered storm fatalities.[14]

Records, naming, and aftermath

Before scientific reexamination reduced its winds, Hurricane Dog was listed as the second-strongest Atlantic hurricane on record, tied with Hurricanes Gilbert in 1988 and Wilma in 2005; following reanalysis in 2012, the 1935 Labor Day hurricane also met this distinction. Only Hurricanes Camille in 1969 and Allen in 1980 were stronger, peaking at {{convert|190|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}.[1]{{Atlantic hurricane best track}} (However, Camille was later found to have been somewhat weaker than originally estimated, with top winds of {{convert|175|mi/h|km/h|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}.) During the 1950, 1951, and 1952 seasons, Atlantic hurricanes were named using the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet.[15] However, Hurricane Dog was referred to as "the great hurricane in the central Atlantic" in newspaper reports, and its name was seldom used.[10] Operationally, hurricanes were not referred to by name until 1952.[16] Before reanalysis downgraded all 3 to Category 4 hurricanes, Hurricanes Dog, Easy of 1951, and Cleo of 1958 were the only Category 5 hurricanes to avoid land entirely.

A relief fund was organized in the aftermath of the hurricane by The Daily Gleaner, a newspaper from Kingston, Jamaica. The newspaper invited its readers to help assist "their suffering fellow-West Indians in the island of Antigua."[17] Four days after the hurricane, the fund totaled £171,000 (1950 GBP, ${{Formatprice|{{inflation|US|{{#expr:(171000/0.35714)}}|1950|2009}}|2}} 2009 USD). One Antigua official stated the country "would appreciate voluntary assistance from outside, especially food and clothing".[17] Relief aid was also sent from the United States to the affected islands.[18]

See also

{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
  • List of Atlantic hurricanes
{{clear}}

References

1. ^{{cite web|author=National Hurricane Center |author2=Hurricane Research Division |author3=Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory |title=Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT) Meta Data |publisher=United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research |date=March 2014 |accessdate=March 26, 2014 |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604063810/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/metadata_master.html |archivedate=June 4, 2011 |df= }}
2. ^{{cite web|author=Meteorological Service of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba|year=2006|title=Hurricanes and Tropical Storms in the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba|accessdate=April 1, 2007|url=http://www.weather.an/reports/documents/HurricanesandTropicalStorms.pdf|format=PDF |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928041515/http://www.weather.an/reports/documents/HurricanesandTropicalStorms.pdf |archivedate = September 28, 2007}}
3. ^{{cite journal |author =Grady Norton |date=January 1951 | title = Hurricanes of the 1950 Season | journal= Monthly Weather Review | volume =79| issue =1| pages = 11 | publisher = American Meteorological Society |issn = 0027-0644 | url = http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/079/mwr-079-01-0008.pdf |format=PDF|accessdate = November 1, 2007 | doi=10.1175/1520-0493-79.1.8|bibcode = 1951MWRv...79....8N }}
4. ^{{cite journal|last=Hagen|first=Andrew B.|author2=Donna Strahan-Sakoskie |author3=Christopher Luckett |title=A Reanalysis of the 1944–53 Atlantic Hurricane Seasons—The First Decade of Aircraft Reconnaissance|journal=Journal of Climate|date=2012|volume=25|issue=13|pages=4441–4460|doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00419.1|url=http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00419.1|accessdate=March 27, 2014|publisher=American Meteorological Society|bibcode = 2012JCli...25.4441H }}
5. ^{{cite web|author=Winston, Jay S|year=1950|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/078/mwr-078-09-0177.pdf|title=The Weather and Circulation of September 1950|publisher=U.S. Weather Bureau|accessdate=December 28, 2008}}
6. ^{{cite news|author=Associated Press|date=September 11, 1950|title=Hurricane Winds, High Tides Due Along Newport Shore Tonight|publisher=The Newport Daily News}}
7. ^{{cite news|author=Lowell Sun|date=September 12, 1950|title=Hurricane Misses Nantucket}}
8. ^{{cite web|author=Hurricanecity.com|year=2006|url=http://www.hurricanecity.com/city/antigua.htm|accessdate=April 1, 2007|title=Antigua Hurricanes}}
9. ^{{cite news|author=International News Service|date=September 2, 1950|title=Second Hurricane Lashes Caribbean|publisher=The Charleston Gazette}}
10. ^{{cite news|author=Canadian Press|date=September 2, 1950|title=Havoc Heaped On Antigua As Storm Strikes Again|publisher=Daily Gleaner}}
11. ^{{cite web|author=Edouard Magras|year=2006|title=St-Barth Weekly|publisher=Le Journal de Saint-Barth|accessdate=April 1, 2007|url=http://www.st-barths.com/jsb/pdf_files/weekly82.pdf|format=PDF}}
12. ^{{cite web|author=National Weather Service and the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University at Albany: State University of New York |year=2001 |title=41 Tropical Cyclones producing > 4 inches of rainfall in the Northeast U.S. during the period 1950–2001 |accessdate=April 1, 2007 |url=http://www.atmos.albany.edu/student/deluca/Season2.pdf |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221114901/http://www.atmos.albany.edu/student/deluca/Season2.pdf |archivedate=February 21, 2007 |df= }}
13. ^{{cite web|author=National Weather Service and the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University at Albany: State University of New York |year=2001 |title=Hurricane Dog Storm Track and Precipitation |accessdate=April 1, 2007 |url=http://www.atmos.albany.edu/student/deluca/dog1950.ps.gif |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225125827/http://www.atmos.albany.edu/student/deluca/dog1950.ps.gif |archivedate=February 25, 2009 |df= }}
14. ^{{cite web|author=Environment Canada|year=2009|title=Dog - 1950|accessdate=May 24, 2010|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/hurricane/default.asp?lang=En&n=7E689586-1}}
15. ^{{cite web|author=Atlantic Tropical Weather Center|year=2003|title=Tropical cyclone naming|accessdate=April 2, 2007|url=http://www.atwc.org/athist.txt}}
16. ^{{cite news|author=O'Neil Hendrick|date=August 31, 1952|title=Coastal City Whipped by Hurricane|publisher=Associated Press}}
17. ^{{cite news|author=Staff Writer|date=September 5, 1950|title=Gleaner Opens Antigua Fund|publisher=The Daily Gleaner}}
18. ^{{cite news|author=Associated Press|date=September 12, 1950|title=Hurricane Relief Rushed}}

External links

{{Spoken Wikipedia|Hurricane Dog (1950).ogg|2009-01-25}}
  • [https://www.webcitation.org/6Mu4tV7pK?url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1950.pdf 1950 Monthly Weather Review]
{{Featured article}}{{1950 Atlantic hurricane season buttons}}

22 : Category 4 Atlantic hurricanes|1950 Atlantic hurricane season|1950 natural disasters in the United States|1950 in the Caribbean|1950 meteorology|1950 natural disasters|Hurricanes in the Leeward Islands|Hurricanes in Guadeloupe|Hurricanes in Montserrat|Hurricanes in Saint Kitts and Nevis|Hurricanes in Sint Eustatius|Hurricanes in Saba|Hurricanes in Saint Martin|Hurricanes in Sint Maarten|Hurricanes in Saint Barthélemy|Hurricanes in Anguilla|Hurricanes in the British Virgin Islands|Hurricanes in the United States Virgin Islands|Hurricanes in New England|Hurricanes in Antigua and Barbuda|1950 in Saint Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla|History of British Antigua and Barbuda

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