| 词条 | Hydrophis semperi |
| 释义 |
| status = VU | status_system = IUCN3.1 | genus = Hydrophis | species = semperi | authority = Garman, 1881 | synonyms = *Hydrophis semperi {{small|Garman, 1881}}
| synonyms_ref =[1] }}Hydrophis semperi, commonly known as Garman's sea snake, the Lake Taal snake, or the Philippine freshwater sea snake,[2] is a rare species of venomous sea snake found only in a single lake on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. It is noted for being one of two known species of sea snakes (and the only one in its family) that is known to be found almost-exclusively in freshwater.[3] The other freshwater sea snake species is Laticauda crockeri.[4] EtymologyThe specific name, semperi, is in honor of German zoologist Carl Gottfried Semper.[5] TaxonomyHydrophis semperi is classified with the rest of the "true" sea snakes in the subfamily Hydrophiidae of the family Elapidae,[6][7]DescriptionLike all "true" sea snakes, it is a rather heavyset snake, elongated with a small head. It possesses the characteristic flattened, paddle-like tail found in the members of its subfamily. This particular species is considered short in comparison to the rest of the family; adult specimens of H. semperi that have been caught were in the realm of 50 cm to 70 cm in length. The snake is colored much like a typical sea snake, having a dark blue or black body with alternating yellow (sometimes white) bands encircling its body. Like its close relatives, its nostrils are located almost dorsally, with valves that prevent water from entering its nasal (and oral) cavities when the snake is submerged.[8] Habitat and EvolutionThis snake is known to be found only in the waters of Lake Taal (formerly known as Lake Bombon) in the province of Batangas in the Philippines. The only freshwater sea snake in the country, it lives the entirety of its life within the confines of the lake, feeding and breeding in its slightly acidic waters. The lake itself is a volcanic crater lake, which was formerly saltwater but gradually lost its salinity after the lake was closed off from the sea by an eruption in the 16th century. It is this unique aspect of the lake's formation and history that led to the evolution of several once-saltwater species, including H. semperi. Thus, this species is relatively young, having been accustomed to freshwater for less than a millennium. DietAs with "true" sea snakes, H. semperi is piscivorous, feeding primarily on the numerous fish species that are known to dwell in Taal Lake's murky waters. BiologyVery little is known about the snake's life history, including its ecology and breeding cycles. Conservation statusSince so little is known about the species' reproductive habits, there have been virtually no estimates of the snake's population. Like many other species endemic to the lake, it is vulnerable as a species to any anthropogenic effects on the lake's ecosystem, both direct and indirect. Pollution is always a major issue when it comes to enclosed bodies of water with numerous surrounding human settlements. The numerous commercial establishments, towns and plantations dumping chemicals and sewage into the lake, combined with the dense population of fish farms in the lake's waters may yet have an adverse effect on the health of the species as a whole. In addition, while the snake itself has no commercial value and is not harvested, it suffers from the typical human stigma that is often attributed to snakes. Fishermen that frequently encounter the docile snakes have been known to kill them simply because of what they are.[3] EtymologyThe snake was named for Carl Semper, a German ecologist who discovered the species in the mid-19th century.[2] Locally, the snake is known as duhol.[3] References1. ^"Hydrophis semperi ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org. 2. ^1 {{cite web |title=Hydrophis semperi |work=UNEP-WCMC Species Database |publisher=United Nations Environment Programme |url=http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/isdb/Taxonomy/tax-species-result.cfm?displaylanguage=eng&source=animals&Genus=Hydrophis&Species=semperi&Country=&tabname=names |doi= |accessdate=2007-02-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930113148/http://sea.unep-wcmc.org/isdb/Taxonomy/tax-species-result.cfm?displaylanguage=eng&source=animals&Genus=Hydrophis&Species=semperi&Country=&tabname=names |archivedate=2007-09-30 |df= }} 3. ^1 2 {{cite web | last =Diesmos | first =Arvin C. | authorlink =Arvin Diesmos |author2=Rafe M. Brown |author3=Marefe C. Lagda |author4=Norydel F. Tresnado|title =The "sea" snake of Taal Lake | work =Features | publisher =Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources | date = 2005-03-07 | url =http://www.haribon.org.ph/?q=node/view/153 | accessdate = 2007-02-02}} 4. ^The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org. 5. ^Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (Hydrophis semperi, p. 240). 6. ^{{ITIS |id=700554 |taxon=Hydrophis semperi |accessdate=13 January 2007}} 7. ^{{cite journal | last =Bischoff | first =Joe |author2=Mikhail Domrachev |author3=Scott Federhen |author4=Carol Hotton |author5=Detlef Leipe |author6=Vladimir Soussov |author7=Richard Sternberg |author8=Sean Turner | title =Hydrophis semperi | work =National Center for Biotechnology Information Database | publisher =[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ U.S. Library of Medicine] | url =https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=66179&lvl=0 | doi = | accessdate = 2007-02-02 }} 8. ^Uetz,Peter, EMBL Reptile Database: Subfamily Hydrophiinae (Sea Snakes). Family Elapidae (cobras, coral snakes, and seasnakes etc.). European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Heidelberg 2006-04-04 Further reading
External links
6 : Reptiles of the Philippines|Sea snakes|Reptiles of Asia|Endemic fauna of the Philippines|Fauna of Luzon|Reptiles described in 1881 |
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