| 词条 | Colin Campbell (geologist) |
| 释义 |
| name = Colin Campbell | image = Colin Campbell Geologo Petrolifero.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Colin Campbell in Italy in 2006 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1931}} | birth_place = Berlin, Germany | residence = | nationality = British | other_names = | known_for = | education = St Paul's, Oxford (MA, DPhil)[1] | employer = Retired | occupation = Geologist, author | title = | networth = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | boards = | religion = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} Colin J. Campbell, PhD Oxford (born 1931) is a retired British petroleum geologist who predicted that oil production would peak by 2007. He claims the consequences of this are uncertain but drastic, due to the world's dependency on fossil fuels for the vast majority of its energy. His theories have received wide attention but are disputed and have not significantly changed governmental energy policies at this time. To deal with declining global oil production, he has proposed the Rimini protocol. Influential papers by Campbell include The Coming Oil Crisis, written with Jean Laherrère in 1998 and credited with convincing the International Energy Agency of the coming peak; and The End of Cheap Oil, published the same year in Scientific American. He was referred to as a "doomsayer" in The Wall Street Journal in 2004.{{Citation needed|date=June 2007}}. The Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas, founded by Campbell in 2000, has been gaining recognition in the recent years.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}} The association has organised yearly international conferences since 2002. The most recent conference of the USA chapter (ASPO-USA) was at the University of Texas in Austin, TX on 30 November and 1 December 2012. RemarksThe most famous peak oil petrogeologist is M. King Hubbert, who predicted in 1956 that oil production would peak in the United States between 1965 and 1970. US oil production peaked in 1970.[2] Hubbert's theories, particularly his evaluation of oil availability in any given area reaching a peak, to be followed by inevitable and sometimes rapid decline, were expounded in his Hubbert peak theory, and became popular during the 1973 energy crisis, and during the 1979 energy crisis when even the United States Secretary of Energy, James Schlesinger announced, as he left his post that year, that 'Mid-East production is unlikely to expand much, if at all, and is unlikely to drop below current levels'. (Wall Street Journal 1979).[3] In December 2000 Colin Campbell warned in a public lecture held at the Clausthal University of Technology that
Current debate{{Further|Predicting the timing of peak oil}}Global oil discovery peaked in 1964,[5] and since the early 1980s oil production has outpaced new discoveries. The world currently consumes oil at the rate of 84 million barrel per day (31 billion barrels/year, or 151 m³/s), and consumption is rising, particularly in China. According to Campbell:
In 1989 Campbell claimed that there would be a shortage towards the late 1990s. In 1990 he claimed that 1998 would represent a "depletion midpoint."[6] These early assessments were, however, according to Campbell himself, "based on public domain data, before the degree of misreporting by industry and governments was appreciated."[6] Since that time, Campbell has been predicting that the peak of oil production will cause a catastrophic worldwide economic depression. A 2007 study of oil depletion by the UK Energy Research Centre pointed out what it considered weaknesses in Campbell's methodology. The authors note that Campbell fails to take into account future reserve growth in existing fields. The authors concluded that curve-fitting techniques, such as Campbell's, tend to underestimate ultimate recoverable reserves. The report cited Campbell's record of premature peak predictions, systematically shifting forward over time, as evidence that his methodology is flawed.[7] The US Department of Energy report Peaking of World Oil Production: Impacts, Mitigation, and Risk Management, often referred to as the Hirsch Report, proposes an urgent mitigation approach to deal with the possibility of oil production going into decline in the immediate future. It states: "The peaking of world oil production presents the US and the world with an unprecedented risk management problem. As peaking is approached, liquid fuel prices and price volatility will increase dramatically, and, without timely mitigation, the economic, social, and political costs will be unprecedented. Viable mitigation options exist on both the supply and demand sides, but to have substantial impact, they must be initiated more than a decade in advance of peaking." The current debate in the US revolves around energy policy, and whether to shift funding to increasing conservation measures, fuel efficiency, and other energy sources such as wind power, solar power, hydropower, and nuclear power. ActivitiesCampbell has over 40 years of experience in the oil industry. He was educated at St Paul's School and Wadham College, Oxford (BA Geology 1954, MA and DPhil 1957),[1] and has worked as a petroleum geologist in the field, as a manager, and as a consultant. He has been employed by Oxford University, Texaco, British Petroleum, Amoco, Shenandoah Oil, Norsk Hydro, and Petrofina, and has worked with the Bulgarian and Swedish governments. His writing includes two books and more than 150 papers. More recently, he founded the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas, is affiliated with Petroconsultants in Geneva, is a trustee of the Oil Depletion Analysis Centre in London. He conducts research on the oil peak, and he also tries to build public awareness of the issue, which includes lecturing extensively. He addressed a committee of the British House of Commons, and officials from investment and automotive companies. He has appeared in the documentary films The End of Suburbia, The Oil Crash, and PEAK OIL – Imposed by Nature. Quotes"But this peak has no real great significance, it is the perception and the vision of the long decline that comes into sight on the other side of the peak. That's really what matters." (speaking on the peak oil phenomenon, from End of Oil (2005)) "It's quite a simple theory and one that any beer drinker understands. The glass starts full and ends empty and the faster you drink it the quicker it's gone." (on peak oil, in 2007)[8] "Banks had been lending more than they had on deposit assuming that tomorrow's growth was collateral for today's debt but failing to see that growth depends on growing, cheap, oil-based energy...So in short, Peak Oil means that debt goes bad." (speaking on the 2008 crash at the New Energy Era Forum, 8 May 2012) See also
References1. ^1 Peak Oil CV 2. ^Energy Information Administration – Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government. 3. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=uGMrAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false National Research Council, Long-range environmental outlook: proceedings of a workshop, November 14–16 1979, p.20.] 4. ^C.J. Campbell, Presentation at the Technical University of Clausthal, December 2000 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106065417/http://oilcrisis.com/de/lecture.html |date=6 January 2010 }} 5. ^Feasta.org Peak oil timeline {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070323021303/http://wolf.readinglitho.co.uk/mainpages/timeline.html |date=23 March 2007 }} 6. ^1 C.J. Campbell, Evolution of oil assessments. 7. ^Steven Sorrell and Jaimie Speirs, Global Oil Depletion, UK Energy Research Centre, Aug. 2009, p.86-87, 111-112. 8. ^[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/world-oil-supplies-are-set-to-run-out-faster-than-expected-warn-scientists-453068.html "World oil supplies are set to run out faster than expected, warn scientists", The Independent, 14 June 2007] Further reading
External links
5 : 1931 births|Living people|British geologists|Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford|People educated at St Paul's School, London |
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