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词条 Hyperlink cinema
释义

  1. Analysis

  2. Examples

  3. See also

  4. References

  5. External links

{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2015}}

Hyperlink cinema is a term coined by author Alissa Quart, who used the term in her review of the film Happy Endings (2005) for the film journal Film Comment in 2005.[1] Film critic Roger Ebert popularized the term when reviewing the film Syriana in 2005.[2] These films are not hypermedia and do not have actual hyperlinks, but are multilinear in a more metaphorical sense.

In describing Happy Endings, Quart considers captions acting as footnotes and split screen as elements of hyperlink cinema and notes the influence of the World Wide Web and multitasking.[1] Playing with time and characters' personal history, plot twists, interwoven storylines between multiple characters, jumping between the beginning and end (flashback and flashforward) are also elements.[1] Ebert further described hyperlink cinema as films where the characters or action reside in separate stories, but a connection or influence between those disparate stories is slowly revealed to the audience; illustrated in Mexican director Alejandro González Iñárritu's films Amores perros (2000), 21 Grams (2003), and Babel (2006).[2][6]

Quart suggests that director Robert Altman created the structure for the genre and demonstrated its usefulness for combining interlocking stories in his films Nashville (1975) and Short Cuts (1993).[3] However, Jean Renoir's 1939 The Rules of the Game first used a narrative structure based on multiple characters and predates Altman's Nashville by 36 years.[4]

Quart also mentions the television series 24 and discusses Alan Rudolph's film Welcome to L.A. (1976) as an early prototype.[1] Crash (2004) is an example of the genre [5], as are Steven Soderbergh's Traffic (2000), City of God (2002), Syriana (2005) Nine Lives (2005) and Odu Raja Odu (2018).[3][6]

Analysis

The hyperlink cinema narrative and story structure can be compared to social science's spatial analysis. As described by Edward Soja and Costis Hadjimichalis spatial analysis examines the "'horizontal experience' of human life, the spatial dimension of individual behavior and social relations, as opposed to the 'vertical experience' of history, tradition, and biography."[7] English critic John Berger notes for the novel that "it is scarcely any longer possible to tell a straight story sequentially unfolding in time" for "we are too aware of what is continually traversing the story line laterally."[7]

An academic analysis of hyperlink cinema appeared in the journal Critical Studies in Media Communication, and referred to the films as Global Network Films. Narine's study examines the films Traffic (2000), Amores perros (2000), 21 Grams (2003), Beyond Borders (2003), Crash (2004; released 2005), Syriana (2005), Babel (2006) and others, citing network theorist Manuel Castells and philosophers Michel Foucault and Slavoj Žižek. The study suggests that the films are network narratives that map the network society and the new connections citizens experience in the age of globalization.[8]

Examples

{{main category|Hyperlink films}}{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
  • The Rules of the Game [9]
  • Kanchenjunga (1962)[4]
  • Amarcord (1973) [10]
  • Titash Ekti Nadir Naam (1973)[11]
  • The Phantom of Liberty (1974) [10]
  • Zavallilar (1974)[12]
  • Nashville (1975)[2]
  • Yol (1981)[12]
  • After Hours (1985)[13]
  • Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) [10]
  • Dazed and Confused (1993) [14]
  • Short Cuts (1993)[2]
  • Red (1993) [14]
  • Before the Rain (1994)[15]
  • Exotica (1994)[16]
  • Pulp Fiction (1994)[17]
  • Gummo (1997) [14]
  • Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels (1998)[18]
  • The Opposite of Sex (1998)[1]
  • Playing by Heart (1998)[19]
  • Go (1999) [20]
  • Magnolia (1999)[1]
  • Code Unknown (2000)[21]
  • Timecode (2000)[1]
  • Amores perros (2000)[6]
  • Snatch (2000)[18]
  • Traffic (2000)[42]
  • Lantana (2001)[22]
  • Thirteen Conversations About One Thing (2001) [20]
  • City of God (2002)[42]
  • 14 (2003)[23]
  • Love, Actually (2003) [24]
  • 21 Grams (2003)[6]
  • Cape of Good Hope (2004)[25]
  • Crash (2004)[1]
  • Aayutha Ezhuthu (2004)[1]
  • Happy Endings (2005)[1]
  • Syriana (2005)[2]
  • Nine Lives (2005)[2]
  • Look Both Ways (2006)[26]
  • Fast Food Nation (2006)
  • Babel (2006)[27]
  • The Edge of Heaven (2007)[28]
  • Rendition (2007)[29]
  • The Air I Breathe (2008)[30]
  • Gomorrah (2008) [31]
  • Mumbai Meri Jaan (2008)[32]
  • Ajami (2009)[33]
  • Powder Blue (2009)[34]
  • Hereafter (2010)[35]
  • Vedam (2010) [36]
  • Bombay March 12 (2011)[37]
  • Contagion (2011)[38]
  • Cloud Atlas (2012)[39]
  • Disconnect (2012)[40]
  • The Big Short (2015)[41]
  • Dunkirk (2017) [20]
  • Maanagaram (2017)[42]
  • Odu Raja Odu (2018)[43]
{{div col end}}

See also

  • Anthology film
  • Composite film
  • Nonlinear (arts)

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{cite journal |last=Quart |first=Alissa |title=Networked |journal=Film Comment |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=48–5 |date=Jul–Aug 2005 |url=http://alissaquart.com/networked_don_roos_and_happy_e/ |accessdate=January 28, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203214153/http://alissaquart.com/networked_don_roos_and_happy_e/ |archivedate=February 3, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news | last =Ebert | first =Roger | authorlink =Roger Ebert | title =Syriana | work =Reviews | publisher =rogerebert.com | date =December 9, 2005 | url =http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051208/REVIEWS/51130002/1023 | accessdate =July 25, 2007 }}
3. ^1 Ebert, Roger (2006). Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2007. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 100. {{ISBN|0-7407-6157-9}}
4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.amc.com/movie/1962/Kanchenjungha|title=Kanchenjungha|work=AMC}}
5. ^[https://www.ifc.com/2009/02/crossing-over-and-hyperlink-ci “Crossing Over” and Hyperlink Cinema-IFC]
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/odu-raja-odu--a-black-comedy-that-is-watchable-review-tamil-siqvNtidjiifd.html|title=Review : Odu Raja Odu -A black comedy that is watchable (2018)|website=www.sify.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-22}}
7. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Soja |first=Edward W. |last2=Hadjimichalis |first2=Costis |year=1979 |title=Between Geographical Materialism and Spatial Fetishism: Some Observations on the Development of Marxist Spatial Analysis |journal=Antipode |volume=17 |issue=2–3 |pages=59–67 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8330.1985.tb00334.x }}
8. ^{{cite journal |last=Narine |first=Neil |title=Global Trauma and the Cinematic Network Society |journal=Critical Studies in Media Communication |volume=27 |issue=3 |year=2010 |pages=209–234 |doi=10.1080/15295030903583556 }}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.amc.com/movie/1962/Kanchenjungha|title=Kanchenjungha|work=AMC}}
10. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2015/20-great-examples-of-hyperlink-cinema-every-film-buff-must-watch/|title=20 Great Examples of Hyperlink Cinema Every Film Buff Must Watch|website=Taste of Cinema - Movie Reviews and Classic Movie Lists}}
11. ^{{Cite book | last1 = Ghatak | given1 = Ritwik | year = 2000 | title = Rows and Rows of Fences: Ritwik Ghatak on Cinema | publisher = Ritwik Memorial & Trust Seagull Books | isbn = 81-7046-178-2 | pages= ix & 134–36 | postscript = }}
12. ^1 Bütün Filmleriyle Yilmaz Güney by Agah Özguc
13. ^{{cite news | last =Ebert | first =Roger | authorlink =Roger Ebert | title = After Hours | work = | publisher =Chicago Sun-Times | date =January 14, 2009 | url = http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090114/REVIEWS08/901149976 | accessdate =January 17, 2009}}
14. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2015/20-great-examples-of-hyperlink-cinema-every-film-buff-must-watch/2/|title=20 Great Examples of Hyperlink Cinema Every Film Buff Must Watch|website=Taste of Cinema - Movie Reviews and Classic Movie Lists}}
15. ^Kipp, Jeremiah (August 12, 2008). "Before the Rain | Film Review | Slant Magazine". Retrieved on March 3, 2010.
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090311/REVIEWS08/903119976|title=Exotica|author=Roger Ebert|date=March 11, 2009|publisher=}}
17. ^Booker, M. Keith. (2007). In [https://books.google.com/books?id=QluEtNUBblUC&pg=PA13 Postmodern Hollywood]. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 12–21. {{ISBN|0-275-99900-9}}. Google Book Search. Retrieved on October 18, 2008.
18. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.co/books?id=QluEtNUBblUC&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13#v=onepage&q=SNATCH%20HYPERLINK%20CINEMA|title=Postmodern Hollywood|publisher=}}
19. ^Holden, Stephen (January 22, 1999). "[https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9807E4DE1130F931A15752C0A96F958260 Movie Review – Playing By Heart – FILM REVIEW; In a Cocktail of Romance, Different Flavors of Love – NYTimes.com]". Retrieved on March 3, 2010.
20. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://moviebabblereviews.com/2018/03/17/top-10-greatest-films-of-hyperlink-cinema/|title=Top 10 Greatest Films of 'Hyperlink Cinema'|date=March 17, 2018|publisher=}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/5141/year/2000.html|title=CODE INCONNU|work=Festival de Cannes}}
22. ^{{cite news | last =Ebert | first =Roger | authorlink =Roger Ebert | title = Lantana | work =Reviews | publisher =rogerebert.com | date =January 18, 2002 | url =http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20020118/REVIEWS/201180303/1023 | accessdate =February 14, 2009}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.devon-cornwall-film.co.uk/2012/04/12/1114-an-obscure-gem-of-a-movie-review/|title=11:14, an obscure gem of a movie (review)|author=Declan Cochran|work=D&CFilm}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/mar/17/portmanteau-films-wild-tales-pulp-fiction-short-cuts|title=Fragmentation games: the return of the portmanteau film|first=Nicholas|last=Barber|date=March 17, 2015|publisher=|via=www.theguardian.com}}
25. ^1 2 {{cite news | last =Ebert | first =Roger | authorlink =Roger Ebert | title =Cape of Good Hope | work =Reviews | publisher =rogerebert.com | date =January 6, 2006 | url =http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060105/REVIEWS/60103003/1023 | accessdate =February 8, 2008}}
26. ^{{cite news| url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060427/REVIEWS/60421005/1023 | work=Chicago Sun-Times | title=Look Both Ways}}
27. ^1 2 3 {{cite news | last =Ebert | first =Roger | authorlink =Roger Ebert | title =Babel | work =Reviews | publisher =rogerebert.com | date =September 22, 2007 | url =http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070922/REVIEWS08/70922001/1023 | accessdate =February 8, 2008}}
28. ^Skinner, Marjorie. (September 4, 2008). "The Celestial Prophecy :: Living on The Edge of Heaven". Portland Mercury. Retrieved on September 5, 2008.
29. ^Gandert, Sean. (October 18, 2007). "Paste Magazine :: Review :: Rendition {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224064922/http://www.pastemagazine.com/action/article/5503/review/film/rendition |date=February 24, 2008 }}". Paste. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.
30. ^"[https://movies.nytimes.com/2008/01/25/movies/25brea.html The Air I Breathe – Movie – Review]". The New York Times. Retrieved on May 13, 2008.
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tasteofcinema.com/2015/20-great-examples-of-hyperlink-cinema-every-film-buff-must-watch/3/|title=20 Great Examples of Hyperlink Cinema Every Film Buff Must Watch|website=Taste of Cinema - Movie Reviews and Classic Movie Lists}}
32. ^Gupta, Shubra (August 23, 2008). "Mumbai Meri Jaan (Hindi) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104045342/http://www.screenindia.com/news/Mumbai-Meri-Jaan--Hindi-/352483 |date=November 4, 2009 }}". Retrieved on August 8, 2009.
33. ^Snider, Eric D. (February 16, 2010)."Portland Film Fest Review: Ajami – Cinematical". Retrieved on March 3, 2010.
34. ^Anderson, Melissa. (May 8, 2009). "Powder Blue Review – Read Variety's Analysis Of The Movie Powder Blue". Retrieved on July 21, 2010.
35. ^{{cite news| url=http://marshallandthemovies.com/2010/11/04/hereafter/ | work=Marshall and the Movies | title=REVIEW: Hereafter « Marshall and the Movies}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=https://madaboutmoviez.com/2012/12/02/revisiting-vedam-probably-the-best-telugu-film-of-recent-times/|title=Revisiting Vedam: Probably the best Telugu film of recent times?|date=December 2, 2012|publisher=}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/8593/malayalam/bombay-march-12/3185/review.htm|title=Bombay March 12 Review|date=July 3, 2011|work=nowrunning}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2303397/ |title=Steven Soderbergh's Contagion |last=Wickman |first=Forrest |date=September 9, 2011 |work=Slate.com}}
39. ^LaSalle, Mick (October 25, 2012). "'Cloud Atlas' review: Baring your soul - SFGate". SFGate. Retrieved on June 8, 2013.
40. ^{{cite news|last=Hachard|first=Thomas|date=April 7, 2013|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/film/review/disconnect|title=Disconnect|work=Slant Magazine|access-date=August 16, 2016}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/24/the-big-short-review-crash-riveting-steve-carell-christian-bale|title=The Big Short review – life with the Wall Street sharks|first1=Mark|last1=Kermode|first2=Observer film|last2=critic|date=January 24, 2016|publisher=|via=www.theguardian.com}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/170716/sree-regina-film-maanagaram-with-a-hyperlink-narration.html|title=Sree-Regina film Maanagaram with a hyperlink narration|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=July 17, 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/odu-raja-odu--a-black-comedy-that-is-watchable-review-tamil-siqvNtidjiifd.html|title=Review : Odu Raja Odu -A black comedy that is watchable (2018)|website=www.sify.com}}

External links

  • Jason Kottke's explanation of the origin of the term
{{Film genres}}

5 : Film genres|Film styles|Concepts in film theory|History of film|Words coined in the 2000s
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