| 词条 | Hystricomorpha |
| 释义 |
| fossil_range = Eocene to Recent | image = Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris.jpg | image_caption = Capybara | taxon = Hystricomorpha | authority = Brandt, 1855[1] | subdivision_ranks = Superfamilies | subdivision = See text }} The term Hystricomorpha (from Greek ὕστριξ, hystrix = "porcupine" and Greek μορφή, morphē = "form")[2] has had many definitions throughout its history. In the broadest sense, it refers to any rodent (except dipodoids) with a hystricomorphous zygomasseteric system. This includes the Hystricognathi, Ctenodactylidae, Anomaluridae, and Pedetidae. Molecular and morphological results suggest the inclusion of the Anomaluridae and Pedetidae in Hystricomorpha may be suspect. Based on {{harvnb|Carleton|Musser|2005}}, these two families are treated here as representing a distinct suborder Anomaluromorpha. ClassificationThe modern definition of Hystricomorpha, also known as Entodacrya or Ctenohystrica, is a taxonomic hypothesis uniting the gundis with the hystricognath rodents.[3] Considerable morphological and strong molecular support exists for this relationship . If true, this hypothesis renders the traditional view of Sciurognathi invalid, as it becomes a paraphyletic group. The hystricomorph rodents, or at least members of Caviomorpha, are sometimes not regarded as rodents.[4] Most molecular and genetic research, however, confirms the monophyly of rodents.[5] Support for rodent polyphyly appears to be a product of long branch attraction.[6] Hystricomorph rodents appeared in South America in the Eocene,[7] a continent which previously had metatherians, xenarthrans, and meridiungulates as the only resident nonflying mammals. They apparently arrived by rafting across the Atlantic from Africa. The same type of migration may have occurred with primates,[8] which also appeared in South America in the Eocene when it was an isolated continent, long before the Great American Interchange. All of this is still controversial, and new scientific discoveries on this subject are published regularly. FamiliesThe following list of families is based on the taxonomy of {{Harvnb|Marivaux|Welcomme|Vianey-Liaud|Jaeger|2002}} and {{Harvnb|Marivaux|Vianey-Liaud|Jaeger|2004}}, who subjected a number of early fossil rodents to parsimony analysis and recovered support for the Hystricomorpha or Entodacrya hypothesis. Their results rendered the suborder Sciuravida as defined by {{Harvnb|McKenna|Bell|1997}} to be polyphyletic and invalid. The symbol "†" is used to indicate extinct groups.
Notes1. ^{{Harvnb|Brandt|1855}} 2. ^{{Cite web | title = Hystricomorpha | publisher = Oxford Dictionaries | url = http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/Hystricomorpha | accessdate = November 2011}} 3. ^{{Harvnb|Carleton|Musser|2005}} 4. ^{{Harvnb|Graur|Hide|Li|1991}}; {{Harvnb|D'Erchia|Gissi|Pesole|Saccone|1996}}; {{Harvnb|Reyes|Pesole|Saccone|2000}} 5. ^{{Harvnb|Cao|Adachi|Yano|Hasegawa|1994}}; {{Harvnb|Kuma|Miyata|1994}}; {{Harvnb|Sullivan|Swofford|1997}}; {{Harvnb|Robinson-Rechavi|Ponger|Mouchiroud|2000}}; {{Harvnb|Lin|McLenachan|Gore|Phillips|2002}}; {{Harvnb|Reyes|Gissi|Catzeflis|Nevo|2004}} 6. ^{{Harvnb|Bergsten|2005}} 7. ^{{cite journal|last1=Antoine|first1=P.-O.|last2=Marivaux|first2=L.|last3=Croft|first3=D. A.|last4=Billet|first4=G.|last5=Ganerod|first5=M.|last6=Jaramillo|first6=C.|last7=Martin|first7=T.|last8=Orliac|first8=M. J.|last9=Tejada|first9=J.|last10=Altamirano|first10=A. J.|last11=Duranthon|first11=F.|last12=Fanjat|first12=G.|last13=Rousse|first13=S.|last14=Gismondi|first14=R. S.|title=Middle Eocene rodents from Peruvian Amazonia reveal the pattern and timing of caviomorph origins and biogeography|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=279|issue=1732|year=2011|pages=1319–1326|doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.1732|display-authors=8|pmid=21993503|pmc=3282368}} 8. ^{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature14120| title = Eocene primates of South America and the African origins of New World monkeys| journal = Nature| date = 2015-02-04| last1 = Bond | first1 = M. | last2 = Tejedor | first2 = M. F. | last3 = Campbell | first3 = K. 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L. | title = Are Guinea Pigs Rodents? The Importance of Adequate Models in Molecular Phylogenetics | journal = Journal of Mammalian Evolution | year = 1997 | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 77–86 | issn = 1064-7554 | doi = 10.1023/A:1027314112438 | url = http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~jacks/GuineaPig.pdf }}{{Ref end}}{{Rodents}}{{Prehistoric rodents}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q532250}}เม่น 3 : Rodent taxonomy|Mammal suborders|Extant Eocene first appearances |
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