| 词条 | Hüdavendigâr Vilayet |
| 释义 |
|native_name = {{rtl-lang|ota|ولايت خداوندگار}} Vilâyet-i Hüdâvendigâr |common_name = Hüdavendigâr Vilayet |subdivision = Vilayet |nation = the Ottoman Empire |year_start = 1867 |year_end = 1922 |date_start = |date_end = |event_start = |event_end = |p1 = Hüdavendigâr Eyalet |flag_p1 = |s1 = Turkey |flag_s1 = Flag of Turkey.svg |image_flag = |flag_type = |image_coat = |image_map = CUINET(1895) 4.017 Vilayet of Hüdavendigâr.jpg |image_map_size = 280px |image_map_caption = Hüdavendigâr Vilayet in 1895 |capital = Bursa[1] |today = |stat_year1 = Muslim, 1914[2] }} The Hüdavendigâr Vilayet ({{lang-ota|ولايت خداوندگار, Vilâyet-i Hüdavendigâr}}),[3] or Bursa Vilayet after its administrative centre, was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 20th century it reportedly had an area of {{convert|26248|sqmi|km2}}.[4] The name Hüdavendigâr was a poetic Ottoman name for Bursa, from the Persian word خداوندگار Khodavandegār meaning God, Lord. EconomyAs of 1920, the British had described the vilayet as being "one of the most prosperous in Anatolia." The northern and western regions were mainly occupied by Christians. Highlands were populated by Turkish immigrants from Europe. The area near the Sea of Marmara was considered the most fertile area, with a large portion of the vilayet being "marshy and fever-stricken, especially between Bursa and Panderma." The vilayet produced wheat, barley, maize, beans, and seeds in the northern and western regions. Throughout the region, opium, tobacco and cotton was also produced. The area around Lake Iznik produced rice. The Balıkhisar area produced "some of the finest fruit grown in Turkey."[5] Barley is also of large production in the highlands and is exported to England.[5] Silk production was considered the most valuable of the region during the 20th century. The vilayet had schools devoted to silk production. The region had obtained silkworm seed from France. Bursa was the heart of silk production.[5] The silk was mainly exported, sometimes as thread or cocoons. In the mid 19th-century, a disease spread through the silkworm, causing a decline in production. As of 1920, the disease was eradicated and business was steady. Cotton production remained steady, and towels and robes were common items produced from cotton.[6] Velvet and felt were also produced. Felt was used for saddles and other equestrian related goods. The area also made tanned leather and carpet. The city of Kütahya created tiling and pottery. Soap and flour was also produced in the vilayet.[7]Lignite was being mined in the area between Kirmasti (today Mustafakemalpaşa) and Mihaliç (today Karacabey). Towards the end of World War 1, the region was exporting approximately 300 tons of lignite monthly to Istanbul.[8] Chromite, mercury, marble, fuller's earth, and antimony were also plentiful in the region in the early 20th century.[9][10][11]Environmental historyThe region was described as having "beautiful forests" in the 1920s, estimating 23,000 square kilometers. The area of Ainegeul was described by the British has having the "richest" timber. Gediz had a large oak population. The vilayet in general had tree populations consisting of fir, oak, elm, chestnut, beech, and hornbeam.[12] Administrative divisionsSanjaks of the Vilayet:[13]
References1. ^{{Google books|rezD7rvuf9YC|page=768|First encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936}} By M. Th Houtsma 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tsk.tr/8_TARIHTEN_KESITLER/8_1_Ermeni_Sorunu/konular/ermeni_faaliyetleri_pdf/Arsiv_Belgeleriyle_Ermeni_Faaliyetleri_Cilt_1.pdf |title=1914 Census Statistics |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Turkish General Staff |pages=605–606 |accessdate=29 January 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007185405/http://www.tsk.tr/8_TARIHTEN_KESITLER/8_1_Ermeni_Sorunu/konular/ermeni_faaliyetleri_pdf/Arsiv_Belgeleriyle_Ermeni_Faaliyetleri_Cilt_1.pdf |archivedate=7 October 2011 |df= }} 3. ^Salname-yi Vilâyet-i Hüdavendigâr ("Yearbook of the Vilayet of Hüdavendigar"), Hüdavendigar vilâyet matbaası, [Bursa], 1296 [1878]. in the website of Hathi Trust Digital Library. 4. ^[https://archive.org/stream/asiakeane00kean#page/459/mode/1up Asia] by A. H. Keane, page 459 5. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Prothero|first=G.W.|title=Anatolia|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/89/}} 6. ^{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=G.W.|title=Anatolia|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=109|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/109/}} 7. ^{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=G.W.|title=Anatolia|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=110|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/110/}} 8. ^{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=G.W.|title=Anatolia|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=101|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/101/}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=G.W.|title=Anatolia|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=103|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/103/}} 10. ^{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=G.W.|title=Anatolia|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=106|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/106/}} 11. ^{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=G.W.|title=Anatolia|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=107|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/107/}} 12. ^{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=G.W.|title=Anatolia|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=97|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/97/}} 13. ^Hudâvendigar Vilayeti | Tarih ve Medeniyet 14. ^{{cite web|title=History of Kütahya|url=http://english.kutahyaozid.gov.tr/default_B0.aspx?content=219|publisher=Kütahya Special Provincial Administration|accessdate=17 May 2013}} 15. ^http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/dergiler/19/1972/20608.pdf 16. ^http://www.eskisehir.gov.tr/rehber.pdf 17. ^http://www.aku.edu.tr/AKU/DosyaYonetimi/SOSYALBILENS/tezler/0635/0095.pdf External links
12 : Vilayets of the Ottoman Empire in Anatolia|History of Afyonkarahisar Province|History of Balıkesir Province|History of Bilecik Province|History of Bursa Province|History of Çanakkale Province|History of Kütahya Province|History of Sakarya Province|History of Yalova Province|1867 establishments in the Ottoman Empire|Hüdavendigâr Vilayet|1922 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire |
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