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词条 Icelandic orthography
释义

  1. Alphabet

     History 

  2. Function of symbols

  3. Code pages

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

Icelandic orthography is the way in which Icelandic words are spelled and how their spelling corresponds with their pronunciation.

Alphabet

The Icelandic alphabet is a Latin-script alphabet including some letters duplicated with acute accents; in addition, it includes the letter eth ({{lang|is|Ðð}}), transliterated as d, and the runic letter thorn ({{lang|is|Þþ}}), transliterated as th (see picture); {{lang|is|Ææ}} and {{lang|is|Öö}} are considered letters in their own right and not a ligature or diacritical version of their respective letters. Icelanders call the ten extra letters (not in the English alphabet), especially thorn and eth, {{wikt-lang|is|séríslenskur}} ("specifically Icelandic" or "uniquely Icelandic"), although they are not. Eth is also used in Faroese, and while thorn is no longer used in any other living language, it was used in many historical languages, including Old English. Icelandic words never start with {{lang|is|ð}}, which means the capital version {{lang|is|Ð}} is mainly just used when words are spelled using all capitals.

Sometimes the glyphs are simplified when handwritten, for example {{lang|is|æ}} (considered a separate letter, originally a ligature) may be written as {{lang|is|ae}}, which can make it easier to write cursively.

The alphabet consists of the following 32 letters.

{{Listen
|filename=Is-Icelandic alphabet.oga
|title=Icelandic alphabet
|description=An Icelandic speaker reciting the alphabet in Icelandic
|format=Ogg
}}
Majuscule forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A Á B D Ð E É F G H I Í J K L M N O Ó P R S T U Ú V X Y Ý Þ Æ Ö
Minuscule forms (also called lowercase or small letters)
a á b d ð e é f g h i í j k l m n o ó p r s t u ú v x y ý þ æ ö
LetterNameIPAFrequency[1]
Aa a aː|}}10.11%
Áá á auː|}}1.8%
Bb bé pjɛː|}}1.04%
Dd dé tjɛː|}}1.58%
Ðð eð ɛːθ|}}4.39%
Ee e ɛː|}}6.42%
Éé é jɛː|}}0.65%
Ff eff ɛfː|}}3.01%
Gg ge cɛː|}}4.24%
Hh há hauː|}}1.87%
Ii i ɪː|}}7.58%
Íí í iː|}}1.57%
Jj joð jɔːθ|}}1.14%
Kk ká kʰauː|}}3.31%
Ll ell ɛtːl̥|}}4.53%
Mm emm ɛmː|}}4.04%
Nn enn ɛnː|}}7.71%
Oo o ɔː|}}2.17%
Óó ó ou|}}0.99%
Pp pé pʰjɛː|}}0.79%
Rr err ɛr̥ː|}}8.58%
Ss ess ɛsː|}}5.63%
Tt té tʰjɛː|}}4.95%
Uu u ʏː|}}4.56%
Úú ú uː|}}0.61%
Vv vaff vafː|}}2.44%
Xx ex ɛxs|}}0.05%
Yy ufsilon y ˈʏfsɪlɔn ɪː|}}0.9%
Ýý ufsilon ý ˈʏfsɪlɔn iː|}}0.23%
Þþ þorn θɔrtn̥|}}1.45%
Ææ æ ai|}}0.87%
Öö ö œː|}}0.78%
Deleted letter
Letter Name IPA
Zz seta ˈsɛːta|}}

The letters a, á, e, é, i, í, o, ó, u, ú, y, ý, æ and ö are considered vowels, and the remainder are consonants.

The letters C (sé, {{IPA-is|sjɛː|}}), Q (kú, {{IPA-is|kʰuː|}}) and W (tvöfalt vaff, {{IPA-is|ˈtʰvœːfal̥t ˌvafː|}}) are only used in Icelandic in words of foreign origin and some proper names that are also of foreign origin. Otherwise, c, qu, and w are replaced by k/s/ts, hv, and v respectively. (In fact, hv etymologically corresponds to Latin qu and English wh in words inherited from Proto-Indo-European: Icelandic hvað, Latin quod, English what.)

The letter Z (seta, {{IPA-is|ˈsɛːta|}}) was used until 1973, when it was abolished, as it was only an etymological detail. It originally represented an affricate {{IPAblink|t͡s}}, which arose from the combinations t+s, d+s, ð+s; however, in modern Icelandic it came to be pronounced {{IPA-is|s|}}, and as it was a rare letter anyway it was decided in 1973 to replace all instances of z with s.[2] However, one of the most important newspapers in Iceland, Morgunblaðið, still uses it sometimes (although very rarely), and a secondary school, Verzlunarskóli Íslands has it in its name. It is also found in some proper names, and loanwords such as pizza. Older people, who were educated before the abolition of the z sometimes also use it.

While the letters C, Q, W, and Z are found on the Icelandic keyboard, they are rarely used in Icelandic; they are used in some proper names of Icelanders, mainly family names (family names are the exception in Iceland). Many believe these letters should be included in the alphabet, as its purpose is a tool to collate. The alphabet as taught in schools up to about 1980 has these 36 letters (and computers still order this way): a, á, b, c, d, ð, e, é, f, g, h, i, í, j, k, l, m, n, o, ó, p, q, r, s, t, u, ú, v, w, x, y, ý, z, þ, æ, ö.

History

The modern Icelandic alphabet has developed from a standard established in the 19th century, by the Danish linguist Rasmus Rask primarily. It is ultimately based heavily on an orthographic standard created in the early 12th century by a document referred to as The First Grammatical Treatise, author unknown. The standard was intended for the common North Germanic language, Old Norse. It did not have much influence, however, at the time.

The most defining characteristics of the alphabet were established in the old treatise:

  • Use of the acute accent (originally to signify vowel length).
  • Use of þ, also used in the Old English alphabet as the letter thorn.

The later Rasmus Rask standard was basically a re-enactment of the old treatise, with some changes to fit concurrent North Germanic conventions, such as the exclusive use of k rather than c. Various old features, like ð, had actually not seen much use in the later centuries, so Rask's standard constituted a major change in practice.

Later 20th century changes are most notably the adoption of é, which had previously been written as je (reflecting the modern pronunciation), and the replacement of z with s in 1973.[3]

Function of symbols

This section lists Icelandic letters and letter combinations, and how to pronounce them using a narrow International Phonetic Alphabet transcription.[4][5]

Icelandic vowels may be either long or short, but this distinction is only relevant in stressed syllables: unstressed vowels are neutral in quantitative aspect. The vowel length is determined by the consonants that follow the vowel: if there is only one consonant (i.e., a {{IPA-is|VC|}} syllable), the vowel is long; if there are more than one ({{IPA-is|VCC|}}), including geminates and pre-aspirated stops, the vowel is short. There are, however, some exceptions to this rule:

  1. A vowel is long when the first consonant following it is {{IPA-is|p t k s|}} and the second {{IPA-is|v j r|}}, e.g. esja, vepja, akrar, vökvar, tvisvar.
  2. A vowel is also long in monosyllabic substantives with a genitive -s whose stem ends in a single {{IPA-is|p t k|}} following a vowel (e.g. ráps, skaks), except if the final {{IPA-is|p t k|}} is assimilated into the {{IPA-is|s|}}, e.g. báts.
  3. The first word of a compound term preserves its long vowel if its following consonant is one of the group {{IPA-is|p t k s|}}, e.g. matmál.
  4. The non-compound verbs vitkast and litka have long vowels.
Vowels
GraphemeSound (IPA)Examples
Long Short Before
ng or nk
aaː|}}a|}}au|}}taska {{IPA-is|ˈtʰaskakaka {{IPA-is>ˈkʰaːkasvangur {{IPA-is>ˈsvauŋkʏr̥|}} "hungry"
áauː|}}{{IPA-is|au|}}fár {{IPA-is|fauːr̥Is-fár.oga} "disaster"
auøiː|}}{{IPA-is|øi|}}þau {{IPA-is|θøiːIs-Þau.oga} "they"
eɛː|}}ɛ|}}ei|}}skera {{IPA-is|ˈscɛːra|}} "to cut"
drekka {{IPA-is|ˈtrɛʰka		drengur {{IPA-is>ˈtreiŋkʏr̥|}} "boy"
éjɛː|}}{{IPA-is|jɛ|}}ég {{IPA-is|jɛːxIs-ég.oga} "I"
ei, eyeiː|}}{{IPA-is|ei|}}skeið {{IPA-is|sceiːθhey {{IPA-is>heiː|}} "hay"
i, yɪː|}}ɪ|}}i|}}sin {{IPA-is|sɪːnsyngja {{IPA-is>ˈsiɲca|}} "to sing"
í, ýiː|}}{{IPA-is|i|}}íslenska {{IPA-is|ˈistlɛnskaIs-Íslenska.oga} "Icelandic"
oɔː|}}{{IPA-is|ɔ|}}lofa {{IPA-is|ˈlɔːvadolla {{IPA-is>ˈtɔtla|}} "pot"
óouː|}}{{IPA-is|ou|}}rós {{IPA-is|rouːsIs-rós.oga} "rose"
uʏː|}}ʏ|}}u|}}hundur {{IPA-is|ˈhʏntʏr̥munkur {{IPA-is>ˈmuŋ̊kʏr̥|}} "monk"
úuː|}}{{IPA-is|u|}}þú {{IPA-is|θuːIs-Þú.oga} "you"
æaiː|}}{{IPA-is|ai|}}læsa {{IPA-is|ˈlaiːsaIs-Læsa.ogg} "lock"
öœː|}}œ|}}øi|}}ör {{IPA-is|œːrhnöttur {{IPA-is>ˈn̥œʰtʏr̥|}} "globe"
öngull {{IPA-is|ˈøiŋkʏtl̥|}} "hook"
Consonants
Grapheme Phonetic realization (IPA) Examples
b in most cases:

{{IPA-is|p|}} unaspirated voiceless bilabial stop

bær {{IPA-is>paiːr̥Is-Bær.ogg} "town"
between m and d, t, s, or g:

{{IPA|∅}}

kembt {{IPA-is>cʰɛm̥t|}} "combed [past participle]"
d in most cases:

{{IPA-is|t|}} unaspirated voiceless dental stop

dalur {{IPA-is>ˈtaːlʏr̥Is-dalur.oga} "valley"
between l or n and g, n, l, k, or s:

{{IPA|∅}}

lands {{IPA-is>lans|}} "land's [genitive]"
ð between vowels, between a vowel and a voiced consonant, or at end of word:

{{IPA-is|ð̠|}} voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

eða {{IPA-is>ˈɛːðabað {{IPA-is>paːθIs-bað.ogg} "bath"
before a voiceless consonant and before a pause:

{{IPA-is|θ̠|}} voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative

maðkur {{IPA-is>ˈmaθkʏr̥Is-maðkur.oga} "worm"
between r and n, and between g and s:

{{IPA|∅}}

harðna {{IPA-is>ˈhartna|}} "to harden"
bragðs {{IPA-is|praxs|}} "trick's [genitive], flavour's [genitive]"
f at the beginning of a word or before a voiceless consonant, and when doubled:

{{IPA-is|f|}}

fundur {{IPA-is>ˈfʏntʏr̥|}} "meeting"
haft {{IPA-is|haft|}} "had [past participle]"
between vowels, between a vowel and a voiced consonant, or at the end of a word:

{{IPA-is|v|}}

lofa {{IPA-is>ˈlɔːvahorfa {{IPA-is>ˈhɔrva|}} "look"
between ó and a vowel:

{{IPA|∅}}

prófa {{IPA-is>ˈpʰr̥ou.agulrófa {{IPA-is>ˈkʏlˌrou.ais-gulrófa.ogg} "rutabaga"
before l or n:

{{IPA-is|p|}}

Keflavík {{IPA-is>ˈcʰɛplaˌviːkis-keflavík.ogg} "Keflavík"
fndmt|}}hefnd {{IPA-is>hɛmtis-hefnd.ogg} "revenge"
fntm̥t|}} (voiceless)nefnt {{IPA-is>nɛm̥tIsNefnt.ogg} "named"
g beginning of word, before a consonant or a, á, é, o, ó, u, ú or ö; or between vowel and l or n:

{{IPA-is|k|}} unaspirated voiceless velar stop

glápa {{IPA-is>ˈklauːpalogn {{IPA-is>lɔknIs-logn.ogg} "windstill"
beginning of word, before e, i, í, j, y, ý, æ, ei or ey:

{{IPA-is|c|}} unaspirated voiceless palatal stop

geta {{IPA-is>ˈcɛːtaIs-geta.oga} "to be able"
between a vowel and a, u, ð, l or r; or at end of word:

{{IPA-is|ɣ|}} voiced velar fricative

fluga {{IPA-is>ˈfl̥ʏːɣalag {{IPA-is>laːxIs-lag.oga} "layer"
before t or s or before a pause:

{{IPA-is|x|}} voiceless velar fricative

dragt {{IPA-is>traxt|}} "suit"
between a vowel and j or i:

{{IPA-is|j|}} palatal approximant

segja {{IPA-is>ˈsɛjːa|}} "to say"
between á, ó, ú, and a or u:

{{IPA|∅}}

fljúga {{IPA-is>ˈfl̥juː.a|}} "to fly"
gjc|}} unaspirated voiceless palatal stopgjalda {{IPA-is>ˈcalta|}} "to pay"
hh|}} voiceless glottal fricativehár {{IPA-is>hauːr̥|}} "hair"
hjç|}} voiceless palatal fricativehjá {{IPA-is>çauː|}} "next to"
hll̥|}} voiceless alveolar lateral approximanthlýr {{IPA-is>l̥iːr̥|}} "warm"
hnn̥|}} voiceless alveolar lateral approximanthné {{IPA-is>n̥jɛː|}} "knee"
hrr̥|}} voiceless alveolar trillhratt {{IPA-is>r̥aʰt|}} "fast"
hvkʰv|}} ({{IPA-is|xv|}} among some older speakers in southern Iceland)hvað {{IPA-is>kʰvaːθIs-hvað.oga} "what"
jj|}}já {{IPA-is>jauː|}} "yes"
k beginning of word, before a consonant or a, á, é, o, ó, u, ú or ö:

{{IPA-is|kʰ|}}

kaka {{IPA-is>ˈkʰaːkaIs-kaka.oga} "cake"
beginning of word, before e, i, í, y, ý, æ, ei or ey:

{{IPA-is|cʰ|}} aspirated voiceless palatal stop

keyra {{IPA-is>ˈcʰeiːra|}} "to drive"
kynskiptingur {{IPA-is|ˈcʰɪːnscɪftiŋkʏr̥		is-kynskiptingur.ogg} "transsexual"
other contexts, before a, á, é, o, ó, u, ú or ö:

{{IPA-is|k|}}

skarfur {{IPA-is>ˈskarvʏr̥|}} "cormorant"
haka {{IPA-is|ˈhaːka|}} "chin"
other contexts, before e, i, í, y, ý, æ, ei or ey:

{{IPA-is|c|}} unaspirated voiceless palatal stop

skip {{IPA-is>ˈscɪːp|}} "boat"
hroki {{IPA-is|ˈr̥ɔːcɪ|}} "arrogance"
before n, l or m:

{{IPA-is|ʰk|}}

vakna {{IPA-is>vaʰkna|}} "wake up", miklir {{IPA-is|mɪʰklɪr̥|}} "great (pl.)"
before t:

{{IPA-is|x|}} voiceless velar fricative

október {{IPA-is>ˈɔxtouːpɛr̥|}} "October"
kj beginning of word:

{{IPA-is|cʰ|}} aspirated voiceless palatal stop

kjöt {{IPA-is>cʰœːt|}} "meat"
other contexts:

{{IPA-is|c|}} unaspirated voiceless palatal stop

þykja {{IPA-is>ˈθɪːca|}} "to regard"
kkʰk|}}, {{IPA-is|ʰc|}}þakka {{IPA-is>ˈθaʰkaekki {{IPA-is>ˈɛʰcɪ|}} "not"
l in most cases:

{{IPA-is|l|}}

lás {{IPA-is>lauːsIs-Lás.ogg} "lock"
at end of word, or next to a voiceless consonant:

{{IPA-is|l̥|}} voiceless alveolar lateral approximant

sól {{IPA-is>souːl̥stúlka {{IPA-is>ˈstul̥ka|}} "girl"
ll in most cases:

{{IPA-is|tl|}}

bolli {{IPA-is>ˈpɔtlɪmilli {{IPA-is>ˈmɪtlɪIs-milli.oga} "between"
in loan words and pet names:

{{IPA-is|lː|}}

bolla {{IPA-is>ˈpɔlːamylla {{IPA-is>ˈmɪlːaIs-mylla.oga} "mill"
m in most cases:

{{IPA-is|m|}}

mamma {{IPA-is>ˈmamːa|}} "mum"
after and before voiceless consonants:

{{IPA-is|m̥|}}

lampi {{IPA-is>ˈlam̥pɪ|}} "lamp"
n in most cases:

{{IPA-is|n|}}

nafn {{IPA-is>napn̥|}} "name"
after and before voiceless consonants:

{{IPA-is|n̥|}}

planta {{IPA-is>ˈpʰlan̥ta|}} "plant"
hnífur {{IPA-is|ˈn̥iːvʏr|}} "knife"
ng in most cases:

{{IPA-is|ŋk|}}, {{IPA-is|ɲc|}}

vængur {{IPA-is>ˈvaiŋkʏr̥|}} "wing"
engi {{IPA-is|ˈeiɲcɪ|}} "meadow"
before d, l or s:

{{IPA-is|ŋ|}}

kringla {{IPA-is>ˈkʰriŋla|}} "disc"
gangs {{IPA-is|ˈkauŋs|}} "movement's [genitive]"
nkŋ̊k|}}, {{IPA-is|ɲ̊c|}}hönk {{IPA-is>ˈhøiŋ̊k|}} "coil, loop"
banki {{IPA-is|ˈpauɲ̊cɪ|}} "bank"
nn after accented vowels or diphthongs:

{{IPA-is|tn̥|}}

steinn {{IPA-is>steitn̥|}} "rock"
fínn {{IPA-is|fitn̥|}} "fine"
all other contexts:

{{IPA-is|nː|}}

finna {{IPA-is>ˈfɪnːa|}} "to find"
p beginning of word:

{{IPA-is|pʰ|}} aspirated voiceless bilabial stop

par {{IPA-is>pʰaːr̥Is-par.oga} "pair"
other contexts:

{{IPA-is|p|}} unaspirated voiceless bilabial stop

spara {{IPA-is>ˈspaːrakápa {{IPA-is>ˈkʰauːpa|}} "coat"
before s, k or t:

{{IPA-is|f|}} voiceless labiodental fricative

September {{IPA-is>ˈsɛftɛmpɛr̥|}} "September"
skips {{IPA-is|scɪfs|}} "ship's [genitive]"
before n, l or m:

{{IPA-is|ʰp|}}

vopn {{IPA-is>vɔʰpn̥|}} "weapon(s)", epli {{IPA-is|ɛʰplɪ|}} "apple(s)"
ppʰp|}}stoppa {{IPA-is>ˈstɔʰpais-stoppa.ogg} "to stop"
r at the beginning of words and between vowels:

{{IPA-is|r|}} (voiced alveolar trill or tap)

rigna {{IPA-is>ˈrɪkna|}} "to rain"
læra {{IPA-is|ˈlaiːra|}} "to learn"
before and after voiceless consonants and before a pause:

{{IPA-is|r̥|}} (voiceless alveolar trill or tap)

svartur {{IPA-is>ˈsvar̥tʏr̥|}} "black"
rlrtl̥|}}karlmaður {{IPA-is>ˈkʰartl̥ˌmaːðʏr̥|}} "male human"
rn in most cases:

{{IPA-is|rtn̥|}}

þorn {{IPA-is>θɔrtn̥|}} "the name of the letter Þ"
before d:

{{IPA-is|rn|}}

vernd {{IPA-is>vɛrnt|}} "protection"
ss|}}sósa {{IPA-is>ˈsouːsa|}} "sauce"
slstl̥|}}rusl {{IPA-is>rʏstl̥|}} "garbage"
snstn̥|}}býsna {{IPA-is>ˈpistn̥a|}} "extremes"
t beginning of word:

{{IPA-is|tʰ|}} aspirated voiceless dental stop

taka {{IPA-is>ˈtʰaːkaIs-taka.oga} "take"
before n, l or m:

{{IPA-is|ʰt|}}

vatn {{IPA-is>vaʰtn̥|}} "water", Atli {{IPA-is|aʰtlɪ|}} "man's name", rytmi {{IPA-is|rɪʰtmɪ|}} "rhythm"
other contexts:

{{IPA-is|t|}} unaspirated voiceless dental stop

stela {{IPA-is>ˈstɛːlaskutur {{IPA-is>ˈskʏːtʏr̥|}} "stern"
ttʰt|}}detta {{IPA-is>ˈtɛʰta|}} "to fall"
vv|}}vera {{IPA-is>ˈvɛːra|}} "to be"
xxs|}} (or {{IPA-is|ks|}})lax {{IPA-is>laxs|}} "salmon"
zs|}}beztur {{IPA-is>ˈpɛstʏr̥|}} "the best" (former orthography)
Zakarías {{IPA-is|ˈsaːkʰariːas|}} "Zachary"
þθ̠|}} voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricativeþú {{IPA-is>θuː|}} "you"
Aþena {{IPA-is|ˈaːθɛna		is-aþena.ogg} "Athens"

Code pages

Besides the alphabet being part of Unicode, that's much used in Iceland, ISO 8859-1 has historically been the most used code page. ISO 8859-15 also supports Icelandic and Windows-1252 that extends it, which may also have a lot of use.

See also

  • Icelandic Encyclopedia A-Ö
  • N-rule

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://practicalcryptography.com/cryptanalysis/letter-frequencies-various-languages/icelandic-letter-frequencies/ |title=Icelandic Letter Frequencies |publisher=Practical cryptography |accessdate=4 April 2013}}
2. ^Hvers vegna var bókstafurinn z svona mikið notaður á Íslandi en því svo hætt? {{is icon}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://notendur.hi.is/~eirikur/av/stafsetn.htm |title=Stafsetning og greinarmerkjasetning |quote=2. og 3. grein fjalla um bókstafinn z, brottnám hans úr íslensku, og ýmsar afleiðingar þess. z var numin brott úr íslensku ritmáli með auglýsingu menntamálaráðuneytisins í september 1973 (ekki 1974, eins og oft er haldið fram). |author=Eiríkur Rögnvaldsson |language=is |accessdate=9 May 2014}} {{is icon}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Höskuldur Þráinsson|chapter=Icelandic |title=The Germanic Languages |date=2002 |editor1-last=König |editor1-first=Ekkehard |editor2-last=van der Auwera |editor2-first=Johan |pages=142–152 |series=Routledge Language Family Descriptions}}
5. ^{{cite book|author=Stefán Einarsson|title=Icelandic: Grammar, Texts, Glossary|year=1949|publisher=The Johns Hopkins Press|location=Baltimore|pages=1–25}}

External links

  • Guidelines for phonetic transcription
  • Printable icelandic alphabet. Letters for printing on the printer
{{Icelandic language}}{{Language orthographies}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Icelandic Orthography}}

3 : Icelandic orthography|Latin-script orthographies|Collation
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