词条 | Ikwerre language | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
|name=Ikwerre |pronunciation={{IPA-ig|ìkʷéré|}} |region=Nigeria |ethnicity=Ikwerre people |speakers=200,000 |date=1973 |ref = e18 |dialects = Ndele, Ọgbakiri, Ọbịọ, Alụụ, Ịbaa, Elele[1] |familycolor=Niger-Congo |fam2=Atlantic–Congo |fam3=Volta–Niger |fam4={{sm|yeai}} |fam5=Igboid |script=Latin script |iso3=ikw |glotto=ikwe1242 |glottorefname=Ikwere |notice=IPA }} Ikwerre, also spelt as Ikwere, is a language spoken primarily by the Ikwerre people who inhabit Rivers State, Nigeria. ClassificationMost publications classify it as an Igbo dialect. The classification of Ikwerre as an Igbo dialect is a subject of controversy among some in the Ikwerre community due to political reasons. Based on lexicostatistical analysis, Kay Williamson originally asserted that the Ikwerre, Ekpeye, Ogba, Etche and Igbo languages belonged to the same language cluster, but were not dialects.[2] Subsequent studies by both Williamson and Roger Blench concluded that Igbo, Ikwerre, Ogba and their sister languages apart from Ekpeye form a "language cluster" and that they are somewhat mutually intelligible.[3] There are indications that the Ikwerre society was bilingual even in the pre-colonial Nigeria, with people speaking other Igbo dialects and Ikwerre.[4] PhonologyVowelsIkwerre distinguishes vowels by quality (frontedness and height), the presence or absence of nasalization, and the presence or absence of advanced tongue root.
There is also a vowel *{{IPA|/ə̃/}} which is posited to explain syllabic nasal consonants in accounts of the language which state that Ikwerre has no nasal stops. This sound is realized as {{IPA|[ɨ̃]}} or a syllabic nasal which is homorganic to the following consonant. Vowel harmonyIkwerre exhibits two kinds of vowel harmony:
Consonants
The oral consonants {{IPA|[ḅ ʼḅ l ɾ j ɰ w h hʷ]}} occur before oral vowels, and their nasal allophones {{IPA|[m ʼm n ɾ̃ ȷ̃ ɰ̃ w̃ h̃ h̃ʷ]}} before nasal vowels. The "non-explosive stops" {{IPA|[ḅ ʼḅ]}} are not plosives (not pulmonic), and are equivalent to implosives in other varieties of Igbo. The tap {{IPA|/ɾ/}} may sometimes be realized as an approximant {{IPA|[ɹ]}}. Tone{{Expand section|date=May 2008}}Ikwerre is a tonal language. AgbirigbaIkwerre has an in-group variant, or cant, Agbirigba, that is meant to prevent understanding by outsiders. References1. ^{{Cite book|title=The early history of the Niger Delta |first1=Ebiegberi Joe |last1=Alagoa |first2=F. N. |last2=Anozie |first3=Nwanna |last3=Nzewunwa |publisher=Buske Verlag |year=1988 |isbn=3-87118-848-4 |page=81 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MJ7KylvsgYEC&pg=PA81}} 2. ^{{cite book | last=Williamson | first=Kay | title=ODUMA: The Lower Niger Languages | year=1974 | volume=1 | publisher=Rivers State Council of Arts & Culture, Port Harcourt}} 3. ^{{cite book | last=Williamson | first=Kay |author2=Roger M. Blench | title=African languages: an introduction | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=2000}} 4. ^{{cite book |title= A Tri-Generational Study of Language Choice & Shift in Port Harcourt |author= Kelechukwu U. Ihemere |publisher= Universal-Publishers |year= 2007 |pages= 28–35 |isbn= 9781581129588 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uwk5IkralBAC&pg=PA28&dq=ikwerre+igbo&lr=&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=ikwerre%20igbo&f=false }}
3 : Igboid languages|Languages of Nigeria|Indigenous languages of Rivers State |
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