| 词条 | Ilustrado |
| 释义 |
The Ilustrados ({{IPA-es|ilusˈtɾaðos|lang}}, "erudite",[1] "learned"[2] or "enlightened ones"[3]) constituted the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th century.[3][4] Elsewhere in New Spain (of which the Philippines were part), the term gente de razón carried a similar meaning. They were the middle class who were educated in Spanish and exposed to Spanish liberal and European nationalist ideals. The Ilustrado class was composed of native-born intellectuals and cut across ethnolinguistic and racial lines—Indios, Insulares, and mestizos, among others—and sought reform through "a more equitable arrangement of both political and economic power" under Spanish tutelage. Stanley Karnow, in his America's Empire in the Philippines, referred to the Ilustrados as the “rich Intelligentsia” because many were the children of wealthy landowners. They were key figures in the development of Filipino nationalism.[5][6][7][8][9][10]HistoryThe most prominent Ilustrados were Graciano López Jaena, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Mariano Ponce, Antonio Luna and José Rizal, the Philippine national hero. Rizal’s novels Noli Me Tangere ("Touch Me Not") and El filibusterismo ("The Subversive") “exposed to the world the injustices imposed on Filipinos under the Spanish colonial regime”.[9][11] In the beginning, Rizal and his fellow Ilustrados preferred not to win independence from Spain, instead they yearned legal equality for both Peninsulares and natives—Indios, Insulares, and mestizos, among others—in the economic reforms demanded by the Ilustrados were that “the Philippines be represented in the Cortes and be considered as a province of Spain” and “the secularization of the parishes.”[10][11] However, in 1872, nationalist sentiment grew strongest, when three Filipino priests, José Burgos, Mariano Gómez and friar Jacinto Zamora, who had been charged with leading a military mutiny at an arsenal in Cavite, near Manila, were executed by the Spanish authorities. The event and "other repressive acts outraitings and activities, Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896. His execution propelled the Ilustrados . This also prompted unity among the Ilustrados and Andrés Bonifacio’s radical Katipunan.[10] Philippine policies by the United States reinforced the dominant position of the Ilustrados within Filipino society. Friar estates were sold to the Ilustrados and most government positions were offered to them.[10] Notable personalities
See also
ReferencesNotes1. ^The American Heritage Spanish Dictionary (2nd ed.) 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltObtenerHtml?origen=RAE&LEMA=despotismo&SUPIND=0&CAREXT=10000&NEDIC=No#ilustrado.|title=Diccionario de la lengua española - Edición del Tricentenario|author=RAE - ASALE|work=Diccionario de la lengua española}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=Megan Christine|title=Orientalists, Propagandists, and Ilustrados: Filipino Scholarship and the End of Spanish Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N5oXSfqr1AMC|year=2012|publisher=U of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-7190-8|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=N5oXSfqr1AMC&pg=PA213&dq=ilustrado+philippines+century 213]}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Cullinane|first=Michael|title=Ilustrado Politics: Filipino Elite Responses to American Rule, 1898-1908|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sjMa5dt7gTQC|year=1989|publisher=Ateneo University Press|isbn=978-971-550-439-3}} 5. ^1 Glossary: Philippines, Area Handbook Series, Country Studies, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, LOC.gov (undated), retrieved on: July 30, 2007 6. ^Grimsley, Mark. The Philippine War: 1899-1902, Ohio-State.edu, 1993, 1996 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009102022/http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/grimsley1/milhis/phil.htm |date=2012-10-09 }}, retrieved on: August 1, 2007 7. ^Karnow, Stanley. America's Empire in the Philippines, Ballantine Books, Random House, Inc., March 3, 1990, 536 pages, page 15. - {{ISBN|0-345-32816-7}} 8. ^The Rise of the Philippine Middle Class (Ilustrados), Mega Essays LLC, MegaEssays.com, 2007, retrieved on: August 1, 2007 9. ^1 Philippines: The Spanish Colony, Student Encyclopedia Article, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., Britannica.com, retrieved on: August 1, 2007 10. ^1 2 3 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070713175511/http://www.philippineembassy-usa.org/about/history.htm#top History of the Philippines], Embassy of the Republic of the Philippines, Department of Foreign Affairs, PhilippineEmbassy-USA.org (undated, archived from the original on 2007-07-13), retrieved on: August 1, 2007 11. ^1 Salvador, Fr. Emerson, Liberalism in the Philippines, The Revolution of 1898: The Main Facts, Newsletter of the District of Asia, Society of St. Pius X, District of Asia, January - March 2002, retrieved on: August 1, 2007 Sources
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