请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Imperial Munitions Board
释义

  1. History and organization

  2. Scope

  3. Impact

  4. Further reading

  5. Notes

  6. References

  7. External links

The Imperial Munitions Board (IMB) was the Canadian branch of the British Ministry of Munitions, set up in Canada under the chairmanship of Joseph Wesley Flavelle. It was formed by the British War Cabinet to alleviate the Shell Crisis of 1915 during the First World War. The Board was mandated to arrange for the manufacture of war materials in Canada on behalf of the British government.

It was the general and exclusive purchasing agent on behalf of the War Office, the Admiralty, the British Timber Controller, the Department of Aeronautics and the Ministry of Munitions, and also acted as an agent for the United States Department of Ordnance.{{sfn|DEA|1921|p=26}}

History and organization

Shortly after the outbreak of World War I, the War Office approached the Canadian Department of Militia and Defence as to the possibility of supplying shells.{{sfn|DPI|1918|p=13}} Its Minister, Sam Hughes, appointed a Shell Committee in September 1914 to act on the War Office's behalf.{{sfn|DPI|1918|p=13}} The following were its members:

Vaughan|1919|pp=2-3}}
ClassMembers of the Shell Committee
Initial appointments
  • Gen Bertram, Chairman{{efn|Prior to the War, Bertram was the President of John Bertram & Sons, Dundas, Ontario,{{sfn|Vaughan|1919|p=2}}[1] notable for the manufacture of the hydraulic rams used in the Peterborough Lift Lock[2]}}
  • Lt-Col Geo. W. Watts{{efn|formerly a works manager with Canadian General Electric{{sfn|Shell Inquiry|1916|pp=4, 8}}}}
  • Col Thos. Cantley{{efn|formerly of the Nova Scotia Steel Company, a predecessor of the Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation{{sfn|Shell Inquiry|1916|p=4}}}}
Later members
  • E. Carnegie{{efn|formerly of the Electric Steel and Metals Company of Welland, Ontario{{sfn|Vaughan|1919|p=2}}}}
  • Col C. Greville-Harston{{efn|formerly with the Royal Marine Light Infantry before retiring in 1871 and moving to Canada, he later became an offices in the Royal Grenadiers and patented many military innovations[3]}}
  • Lt-Col F.D. Lafferty, Superintendent, Dominion Arsenal, Quebec
  • Col T. Benson, Master General of Ordnance
  • Col David Carnegie, Ordnance Adviser{{efn|described as "a consulting engineer of high standing"{{sfn|Shell Inquiry|1916|p=5}}}}
  • J.W. Borden, Chief Accountant for the Department

When the contracts became mired in political patronage that led to profiteering,{{efn|including ones given to the former employers of Bertram, Cantley and E. Carnegie, as well as to the Universal Steel and Tool Company (owned and controlled by William Mackenzie and Donald Mann[4]}}[5] David Lloyd George sent Lord Rhondda to Canada to investigate.[5] Lionel Hitchens{{efn|head of the shipbuilding firm Cammell Laird}} and R.H. Brand then came over and approached Joseph Wesley Flavelle to help form the IMB, and this move received the approval of Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden.[6] In December 1915, the following were appointed:

Vaughan|1919|pp=38, 43}}
ClassMembers of the BoardPurchasing Agent
Initial appointments
  • J.W. Flavelle, Chairman
  • C.B. Gordon, Vice-Chairman{{efn|Departed in 1917, upon his appointment as the Director-General of War Supplies of the British War Mission, and Representative of the Ministry of Munitions, in Washington[7]}}
  • Col D. Carnegie
  • J.F. Perry[8]{{efn|A fellow colleague of Brand in Milner's Kindergarten,[9] they, together with Flavelle, belonged to the Toronto Round Table[10]}}
  • J.A. Vaillancourt{{efn|President of the Banque d'Hochelaga}}
  • E.R. Wood{{efn|brother of Frank Porter Wood and, in association with George Albertus Cox, founder of Dominion Securities Corporation Limited}}
  • E. Fitzgerald
Later appointments
  • Brig-Gen Alex Bertram, Vice-Chairman
  • R.H. Brand{{efn|From 1915 to 1917, Brand served as the Board's representative in London, acting as the key link between that body and the Ministry of Munitions.{{sfn|Neilson|2011}}

}}
  • Brig-Gen W.E. Edwards{{efn|of the Royal Field Artillery[11]}}{{efn|later placed in charge of the Ministry of Munition's Department of Inspection in 1916{{sfn|Vaughan|1919|p=75}}}}
  • A.G. Woodhouse[12]
1. ^{{cite web |url= http://dundasmuseum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/John-Bertram-and-Sons-Company-inventory-for-website.pdf|title= The John Bertram & Sons Co. Fonds|author= |access-date= June 4, 2018|publisher= Dundas Museum}}
2. ^{{cite web |url= https://bertramfamilydundas.wordpress.com/the-bertram-business/what-did-the-bertram-works-manufacture/peterborough-lift-lock-1904/|title=Peterborough Lift Lock, 1904 |author= |date= |website= The Wheels of Progress|access-date= June 5, 2018}}
3. ^{{cite web |url= https://medium.com/war-is-boring/in-the-1880s-charles-hartson-tried-to-force-a-magazine-onto-a-single-shot-rifle-c1ef7de844f3|title= In the 1880s, Charles Harston Tried to Force a Magazine Onto a Single-Shot Rifle: It didn’t go well|last= Moss|first= Matthew|date= December 19, 2016|website= War is Boring}}
4. ^{{cite web |url= https://wartimecanada.ca/sites/default/files/documents/Shell%20and%20Fuse.pdf|title= Shell and Fuse Scandals: A Million Dollar Rake-off|author= |date= 1916|location= Ottawa|publisher= Central Liberal Information Office|page=4}}
5. ^1 {{cite news |author= |title= Sir Robert Borden Did Better|url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19390210&id=GesuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=49sFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6632,3619948&hl=en|newspaper= Ottawa Citizen|location= |date= February 10, 1939}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite news |last= Bowman|first= Charles A.|date= April 19, 1949|title= Sir Joseph Flavelle and Munitions Board|url= https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19490419&id=exMvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gdwFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6260,5380470&hl=en|newspaper= Ottawa Citizen|page= 3}}
7. ^{{cite book |author= |title= Who's Who in the British War Mission in the United States of America, 1918|url= https://archive.org/stream/whoswhoinbritis00unkngoog#page/n11/mode/1up/search/Gordon|location= New York|publisher= Edward J. Clode|page= iv|date= 1918}}
8. ^financial member of the Board
9. ^{{cite journal |last1= Banyan|first1= Will|date= 2005|title= A Short History of the Round Table|url= https://danielsolis.cz/?mdocs-file=2538|journal= Nexus|volume= 12|issue= 1}}
10. ^{{cite book |last= Wise|first= S.F.|date= |title= Canadian Airmen and the First World War: The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force|url= http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/pub/boo-bro/can-ww1/doc/2-ocr-ww1-airbook-eng.pdf|location= |publisher= University of Toronto Press|pages= 57-58|volume=Volume I |isbn=0-8020-2379-7|author-link= }}
11. ^William Egerton Edwards
12. ^upon Fitzgerald's appointment as Assistant to the Chairman
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://casmuseum.techno-science.ca/en/collection-research/artifact-curtiss-jn-4-canuck.php/ |title=Curtiss JN-4 "Canuck" |work=Canada Aviation and Space Museum |date=2015 |accessdate=24 January 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128114703/http://casmuseum.techno-science.ca/en/collection-research/artifact-curtiss-jn-4-canuck.php/ |archivedate=28 January 2015 |df= }}
14. ^{{cite web|first=Martin |last=Shadwick |url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/military-aviation |title=Military Aviation |publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=2015 |accessdate=24 January 2015}}
15. ^{{cite news |last= Everson|first= Kate|date= September 11, 2014|title= Doors Open includes British Chemical Company explosion |url= http://www.insidebelleville.com/news-story/4855847-doors-open-includes-british-chemical-company-explosion/|newspaper= Quinte West News|location= |access-date= }}
16. ^{{cite news |last= Ferland|first= Raphaël Dallaire|date= {{date|2012-07-07}}|title= Usine à munitions pour retraités slaves|trans-title= Munitions factory for Slav retirees|url= https://www.ledevoir.com/societe/actualites-en-societe/354100/usine-a-munitions-pour-retraites-slaves|language= French|newspaper= Le Devoir|location= Montreal }}
17. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205220663|title= Collection: Energite Explosives Company Ltd|author= |date= |website= |publisher= Imperial War Museum}}
18. ^{{cite news| url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19190430&id=GGw1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=WIUFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1875,5285653&hl=en| title = S.S. War Toronto arrived in Port: Last of 46 vessels constructed for the Imperial Munitions Board was inspected| newspaper = Montreal Gazette| date = {{date|1919-04-30}}| accessdate = {{date|2015-12-15}} }}
19. ^{{cite journal|url= http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/databases/canada-gazette/093/001060-119.01-e.php?document_id_nbr=6201&image_id_nbr=199986&f=g&PHPSESSID=o6o17ili60u2o5qbvr4167q786|title= P.C. 680|author= |date= April 15, 1916|journal= Canada Gazette|volume= 49|issue= 42|page=3419}}, extending {{Cite canlaw|short title =The Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, 1907|abbr =S.C.|year =1907|chapter =20|link=https://archive.org/stream/actsofparl1907v01cana#page/234/mode/2up }}

As Chairman, Flavelle had full administrative and executive authority.{{sfn|DPI|1918|p=14}} The Board operated through twenty departments, of which the most important were Purchasing and Steel, Shipbuilding, Explosives, Forging, Aviation, Timber, Fuze and Engineering.{{sfn|DPI|1918|p=14}}

As certain shell manufacture contracts had been granted to persons that did not even have workshops, their holders were given deadlines to either start manufacturing them or forfeit the contracts.[6] This led to political controversy later on, as the losers started to falsely accuse Flavelle of profiteering as well, because of his connection to the meat packing business.[6]

Scope

Because the private sector was unwilling or unable to operate in certain fields, the Board established seven "National plants" for the production of explosives and propellants, and one for the manufacture of airplanes.{{sfn|DPI|1918|p=15}} The Board also oversaw the production of ships and aircraft.

It also formed several subsidiaries to perform several of the manufacturing functions, which were spread across Canada. These included:

IMB National Plants
IMB subsidiary, except for EnergiteLocationFunctionExtent
Canadian Aeroplanes Ltd.Wallace Emerson, Toronto, Ontario43.6675|N|79.442|W|format=dms|display=inline}}Production of the JN-4(Can) Canuck,[13] the Felixstowe F5L flying boat,[14] and the Avro 504.6|acre|ha}} of floor space, and its construction took only 2.5 months to complete.{{sfn|Sullivan|1919|p=44}}
British Cordite Ltd.Operated by Canadian Explosives Limited (a predecessor of Canadian Industries Limited), on behalf of British Cordite}}45.4125|N|80.083055|W|format=dms|display=inline}}Production of cordite.366|acre|ha}} and had 155 buildings.
British Chemical Co. Ltd.located on the east side of the Trent River near Number 1 Dam, before it empties into the Bay of Quinte}}Production of sulphuric acid, nitric acid, pyro-cotton, nitrocellulose powder and TNT.255|acre|ha}} and contained 204 buildings,[15] and at the time was the largest ammunition factory in the British Empire.
British Forgings Ltd.Located to the southeast from Commissioners Street and Munition Street{{sfn|Moir|1989|p=132}}}}43.646321|N|79.350241|W|format=dms|display=inline}}Moir|1989|p=130}}127.6|acre|ha}}, on land leased from the Toronto Harbour Commission, and was at the time the world's largest electrical steel plant.{{sfn|Moir|1989|pp=130-132}}
British Munitions Supply Co. Ltd.Verdun, Quebec45.471979|N|73.566586|W|format=dms|display=inline}}Assembly of fuses.Colloquially known as "La Poudrière", the plant had 4000 (almost exclusively female) employees that assembled eight million fuses.[16]
Energite Explosives Co. Ltd.[17]Operated by Energite for the IMB. It also had other plants at Widdifield, Ontario and Renfrew, Ontario.}}Loading and assembling operations on 18-pounder British shrapnel shells.The operation had 800 employees and produced eight million completed rounds of ammunition.

When the Montreal Gazette profiled the War Toronto on its first visit to Montreal, on April 30, 1919, they described her as the last of 46 vessels built for the Imperial Munitions Board.[18]

The IMB was dissolved in 1919.

Impact

When contracting was transferred from the Shell Committee to the IMB, Flavelle decided that fair wage clauses would not be inserted into future contracts that were granted, although British and Canadian authorities did not object to continuing the prior practice.{{sfn|Bercuson|1973|p=605}} As the IMB was a British agency, its activities with respect to labour relations did not fall under federal jurisdiction until the passage of an order in council in March 1916 that extended the application of the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act, 1907,[19]{{sfn|Bercuson|1973|p=607}} but Flavelle's opposition continued.{{sfn|Bercuson|1973|pp=608, 612}} This had the effect of disrupting relations with the Trades and Labour Congress of Canada,{{sfn|Bercuson|1973|p=609}} which would lead to the outbreak of strikes in 1918 and massive labour confrontations in 1919.{{sfn|Bercuson|1973|p=614}}

Further reading

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
  • {{cite book |author= |title= Canada's Part in the Great War|url= http://wartimecanada.ca/sites/default/files/documents/Canada'sPart.1921_1.pdf|location= Ottawa|publisher= Department of External Affairs|page= |date= 1921|ref={{harvid|DEA|1921}}}}
  • {{cite book |author= |title= Canada's War Effort, 1914-1918|url= https://archive.org/stream/canadaswareffort00canaiala#page/n0/mode/2up|location= |publisher= Department of Public Information|page= |date= 1918|ref={{harvid|DPI|1918}}}}
  • {{cite book |author= |title= Women in the Production of Munitions in Canada|url= https://archive.org/stream/womeninproductio00impe#page/n1/mode/2up|location= |publisher= Imperial Munitions Board|page= |date= 1916|ref={{harvid|IMB|1916}}}}
  • {{cite journal |last= Bercuson|first= D.J.|author-link= David Bercuson|date= 1973|title= Organized Labour and the Imperial Munitions Board|url= http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/028422ar|journal= Industrial Relations|publisher= Université Laval|volume= 28|issue= 3|pages= 602–616|doi= 10.7202/028422ar|access-date=19 February 2016|issn= 1703-8138|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last= Carnegie|first= David|author-link=David Carnegie (scientist)|date= 1925|title= The History of Munitions Supply in Canada 1914-1918|url= |location= London|publisher= Longmans, Green and Co.|page= |oclc=4673665|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite journal |last= Fraser|first= Peter|date= 1983|title= The British 'Shells Scandal' of 1915|url= https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/pdf/10.3138/cjh.18.1.69|doi=10.3138/cjh.18.1.69|journal= Canadian Journal of History|publisher= University of Toronto Press|volume= 18|issue= 1|pages= 69–86|issn= 0008-4107|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last= Hopkins|first= J. Castell|date= 1918|title= Canadian Annual Review of Public Affairs, 1916|chapter=The Shell Committee and Sir Sam Hughes: The Making of Munitions|chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/canadianannualre03hopkuoft/page/268|location= Toronto|publisher= The Canadian Annual Review Limited|pages= 269–296|series=War Series|ol= 7101035M|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last= Hopkins|first= J. Castell|date= 1919|title= Canada at War: A Record of Heroism and Achievement, 1914-1918|url= https://archive.org/stream/canadaatwarrecor00hopkuoft#page/n9/mode/2up|location= Toronto|publisher= The Canadian Annual Review Limited|page= |ol=7205289M |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite journal |last= Moir|first= Michael B.|date= 1989|title= Toronto's Harbourfront at War|url= http://journals.sfu.ca/archivar/index.php/archivaria/article/download/11574/12520|journal= Archivaria|publisher= Association of Canadian Archivists|volume= |issue= 28|pages= 126–140|issn= 0318-6954|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |last1= Meredith|first1= William|last2= Duff|first2= Lyman Poore|date= 1916|title= Royal Commission on Shell Contracts|url= http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2014/bcp-pco/CP32-131-1916-eng.pdf|location= Ottawa|publisher= King's Printer|author1-link= William Ralph Meredith|author2-link= Lyman Duff|ref={{harvid|Shell Inquiry|1916}}}}
  • {{cite journal |last= Neilson|first= Keith|date= 2011|title= R.H. Brand, the Empire and Munitions from Canada|url= http://ehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/CXXVI/523/1430|journal= English Historical Review|publisher= Oxford University Press|volume= CXXVI|issue= 523|pages= 1430–1455|doi= 10.1093/ehr/cer324|issn=0013-8266|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite thesis |last= Rider|first= Peter Edward|date= 1974|title= The Imperial Munitions Board and its relationship to government, business, and labour, 1914-1920|type= PhD |publisher= University of Toronto|docket= |oclc= 318178043|url= http://amicus.collectionscanada.gc.ca/s4-bin/Main/ItemDisplay?l=0&l_ef_l=1&id=72204.401923&v=1&lvl=2&coll=18&rt=1&itm=12933}}
  • {{cite book |last= Sullivan|first= Alan|date= 1919|title= Aviation in Canada, 1917-1918|url= https://archive.org/stream/aviationincanada00sullrich#page/n5/mode/2up|location= Toronto|publisher= Rous & Mann Limited|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite speech |title=The Manufacture of Munitions in Canada |last=Vaughan |first=Henry Hague |author-link= |date=February 10, 1919 |location=Ottawa |url=https://archive.org/stream/manufactureofmun00vaug#page/n0/mode/2up ||event=Presidential Address, Annual Meeting|publisher= Engineering Institute of Canada|ref={{harvid|Vaughan|1919}}}}
{{div col end}}

Notes

{{notelist|2}}

References

{{Reflist|2}}

External links

  • Imperial Munitions Board in the Canadian Encyclopaedia
  • {{cite web |url= http://torontothenandnow.blogspot.ca/2015/04/51-toronto-first-world-war-part-iv.html|title= #51: Toronto & The First World War, Part IV - Production|last1= Fiennes-Clinton|first1= Richard|date= April 7, 2015 |publisher= Toronto: Then and Now}}
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.cca.qc.ca/en/collection/1386-the-energite-explosives-company|title= The Energite Explosives Company (collection)|author= |date= |publisher= Canadian Centre for Architecture}}

6 : Government munitions production in the United Kingdom|Military history of Canada|United Kingdom defence procurement|Defunct public bodies of the United Kingdom|Military logistics of World War I|Military history of the United Kingdom during World War I
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/11 9:46:33