| 词条 | Indira Gandhi Canal |
| 释义 |
| name = Indira Gandhi canal | image = Indus river.svg | image_size = | image_caption = The canal is fed from the Sutlej, Beas and Ravi tributaries of the Indus River | former_names = | modern_name = | original_owner = | engineer = | other_engineer = | date_act = | date_began = | date_use = | date_completed = | date_extended = | date_closed = | date_restored = | len_ft = | len_in = | len_m = | original_boat_length_ft = | original_boat_length_in = | original_boat_length_m = | len_note = | beam_ft = | beam_in = | beam_m = | original_beam_ft = | original_beam_in = | original_beam_m = | beam_note = | min_boat_draft = | min_boat_air_draft = | start_point = | original_start = | start_note = | end_point = | original_end = | end_note = | branch = | branch_of = | connects_to = | locks = | original_num_locks = | lock_note = | length_mi = | length_km = | original_length_mi = | original_length_km = | length_note = | elev_ft = | elev_m = | elev_note = | status = | navigation_authority = }} The Indira Gandhi Canal the longest canal of India . It starts from the Harike Barrage at Harike, a few kilometers below the confluence of the Satluj and Beas rivers in the Indian state of Punjab and terminates in irrigation facilities in the Thar Desert in the north west of Rajasthan state. Previously known as the Rajasthan Canal, it was renamed the Indira Gandhi Canal on 2 November 1984 following the assassination of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. The canal consists of the Rajasthan feeder canal with the first {{convert|167|km}} in Punjab and Haryana state and a further {{convert|37|km}} in Rajasthan followed by the {{convert|445|km }} of the Rajasthan main canal, which is entirely within Rajasthan. The canal enters Haryana from Punjab near Lohgarh village then runs through the western part of the Sirsa district before entering Rajasthan near Kharakhera village in the Tibbi tehsil of the Hanumangarh district. The canal traverses seven districts of Rajasthan: Barmer, Bikaner, Churu, Hanumangarh, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, and Sriganganagar. Design and ConstructionThe idea of bringing the waters from the Himalayan Rivers flowing through Punjab and into Pakistan was conceived by an hydraulic engineer, Kanwar Sain in the late 1940s who proposed that {{convert|2000000|ha|km2|abbr=on}} of desert land in Bikaner and the northwest corner of Jaisalmer could be brought under irrigation from the stored waters of Punjab rivers. In 1960, Indus Water Treaty was signed between India and Pakistan which gave India the right to use waters of three rivers –the Satluj, Beas and Ravi. The proposed Rajasthan Canal envisaged use of 7.6 million acre feet of water.[1] The initial plan was to build the canal in two stages, Stage I consisting of {{convert|204|km|mi|abbr=on}} feeder canal from Harike barrage in Punjab. Stage I also included constructing distributary canal system of about {{convert|2950|km|mi|abbr=on}} in length. The stage II involved construction of {{convert|256|km|mi|abbr=on}} long main canal and distributary canal network of {{convert|3600|km|mi|abbr=on}}. It was planned that the main canal will be {{convert|140|ft|m|abbr=on}} wide at the top and {{convert|116|ft|m|abbr=on}} wide at the bottom with water depth of {{convert|21|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The canal was scheduled to be completed by 1971. The stage I could not be completed in time due to severe financial constraints, neglect and corruption. In 1970 the plan was revised and it was decided that the entire canal will be lined with concrete tiles. Five more lift schemes were added. Flow command of stage II was increased by {{convert|100000|ha|km2|abbr=on}}. With increased requirements, the total length of main, feeder and distribution canals was about {{convert|9245|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The stage I was completed in 1983 around 20 years behind the completion schedule The Green revolution in RajasthanAfter the construction of the Indira Gandhi Canal, irrigation facilities were available over an area of {{convert|6770|km2|acre|abbr=on}} in Jaisalmer district and {{convert|37|km2|acre|abbr=on}} in Barmer district. Irrigation had already been provided in an area of {{convert|3670|km2|acre|abbr=on}} in Jaisalmer district. The canal has transformed the barren deserts of this district into fertile and good fields.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} Crops of mustard, cotton, and wheat now grow in this semi-arid north-western region replacing the soil there previously. Improvement in living standardAs the second stage of work on the canal progresses rapidly, there is hope that it will enhance the living standards of the people of the state. Sand dune stabilizationThe Indira Gandhi Canal is a major step in reclaiming the Thar Desert and checking desertification of fertile areas. There is a planting programme for greening the desert in areas near the Indira Gandhi Canal which was started in 1965. This consists of the planting of shelter belts along roads and canals, blocks of plantations and sand dune stabilization. The tree species being used for planting are Dalbergia sissoo, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Morus alba, Tecomella undulata, Acacia tortilis, Azadirachta indica, Albizia lebbeck, Cassia fistula, Populus ciliata, Melia azedarach, and Vachellia nilotica. Environmental problemsThe excessive irrigation and intensification of agriculture over the years has caused environmental degradation and creation of new wastelands. There have been problems with water-logging caused by excessive irrigation, seepage from canals and poor drainage. These factors produced a rise in the water table, increased salinity and finally submergence of the land. These problems have been exacerbated by the cultivation of water intensive [cash crops]. References1. ^Ramtanu Maitra: The Indira Gandhi Canal: greening the desert in India EIR Volume 14, Number 7, February 13, 1987 2- Karimkoshteh MH, Greening the Desert(Agro- Economic impact of IG canal) Renaissance Publication, New Delhi - 1995 Sources
5 : Canals in Punjab, India|Interbasin transfer|Canals in Rajasthan|Irrigation canals|1983 establishments in India |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。