“Ingraham v. Wright”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Ingraham vs. Wright, 430 U.S. 651 (1977), was a United States Supreme Court case that upheld the disciplinary corporal punishment policy of Florida's public schools by a 5–4 vote.

Background

James Ingraham was a 14-year-old eighth grade student at Charles R. Drew Junior High School^[1] in 1970. On October 6, 1970, Ingraham was accused of failing to promptly leave the stage of the school auditorium when asked to do so by a teacher.^[2] He was then taken to the school principal's office, where he stated that he was not guilty of the accusation against him. Willie J. Wright, Jr., the principal, ordered Ingraham to bend over so that Wright could spank Ingraham with a spanking paddle. When Ingraham declined to bend over and allow himself to be paddled, he was forcibly placed face-down on the top of a table. Lemmie Deliford, the assistant principal, held Ingraham's arms and Solomon Barnes, an assistant to the principal, held Ingraham's legs. While Ingraham was being restrained, Wright used a spanking paddle to hit Ingraham more than 20 times.^[3]

The paddling was so severe that he suffered a hematoma requiring medical attention. Physicians instructed Ingraham to rest at home for a total of eleven days.^[4] He and his parents sued the school, calling it "cruel and unusual punishment" and loss of liberty, but lost the initial trial. The Florida state court held that Florida tort laws provided sufficient remedies to satisfy Ingraham's due process loss of liberty claims. The court also held that the U.S. Constitution's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment does not apply to the corporal punishment of children in public schools, and that the constitution's due process clause does not require notice and a hearing prior to the imposition of corporal punishment in public schools.

Opinion of the Court

The Supreme Court declined to consider the plaintiffs' substantive due process claims in Ingraham v. Wright. Lower courts have adopted a variety of approaches to the substantive due process issue, none of which offer much protection for students who are subjected to corporal punishment at school. The Supreme Court has repeatedly denied certiorari (judicial review) on the issue of whether school corporal punishment constitutes a substantive due process constitutional violation.^[5]

As of 1994, Lemmie Deliford, one of the administrators involved, was still a proponent of corporal punishment in schools.^[6]

References

1. ^Charles R. Drew Junior High School is today known as Charles R. Drew Middle School.
2. ^Virginia Lee (1979). "A Legal Analysis of Ingraham v. Wright". In [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=8095608 Corporal Punishment in American Education: Readings in History, Practice, and Alternatives.] Irwin A. Hyman and James H. Wise, editors. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Temple University Press. Page 173.
3. ^Ibid., p. 174.
4. ^United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit; 498 F.2d 248, paragraph 29, July 29, 1974.
5. ^Deana Pollard Sacks (2009). "State Actors Beating Children: A Call For Judicial Relief." University of California Davis Law Review, {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502075804/http://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/index.php |date=2011-05-02 }} 42, pp. 1165—1229.
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/obituaries/article36230562.html |title=Miami-Dade educator Lemmie Deliford Sr. dies at 83 |publisher=Miami Herald |access-date=March 17, 2018}}

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