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词条 International aid to Palestinians
释义

  1. UNRWA

  2. History

     Before Oslo Accords  Oslo Accords  1993–2000  2000–06  2006–07  2007–09  2010  2011  2014  2018 

  3. Major donors

  4. Structure

     Donor coordination 

  5. Human rights organizations concerns

  6. See also

  7. Notes

  8. References

  9. External links

{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}International aid has been provided to Palestinians since at least the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, following Israel's Declaration of Independence. It has played a major role in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict as the Palestinians claim it has been used as a means to keep the peace process going, and the Israelis that it is used to fund terrorism.[1] The Palestinian National Authority in the West Bank and Gaza Strip receives one of the highest levels of aid in the world. A dispute exists as to whether Palestinians or Israelis are the largest per capita beneficiaries of foreign aid.[2] Aid has been offered to the Palestinian National Authority (PA) and other Palestinian non-governmental organizations (PNGOs) by the international community, including international non-governmental organization (INGOs). In July 2018, Australia ceased providing direct aid to the PA, saying the donations could increase the PA's capacity to pay Palestinians convicted of politically motivated violence, and that it will direct its funds through United Nations programs.[3]

The entities that provide aid to the Palestinians are categorized into seven groups: the Arab nations, the European Union, the United States, Japan, international institutions (including agencies of the UN system), European countries, and other nations.[4]

UNRWA

UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East) is a relief and human development agency which supports more than 5 million registered Palestinian refugees and their descendants, and other segments of Palestinian society, as well as providing some financial aid to Palestinians. Originally intended to provide jobs on public works projects and direct relief, today UNRWA provides education, health care, and social services to the population it supports. UNRWA employs over 30,000 staff, 99% of which are locally recruited Palestinians.[5] Most of UNRWA's funding comes from European countries and the United States. Between 2000 and 2015 the European Union had contributed €1.6 billion to UNRWA.[6]

In 2009, UNRWA's total budget was US$1.2 billion, for which the agency received US$948 million.[7] In 2009, the retiring Commissioner General spoke of a $200 million shortfall in UNRWA's budgets.[8] Officials in 2009 spoke of a 'dire financial crisis'.[9]

In 2010, the biggest donors for its regular budget were the United States and the European Commission with $248 million and $165 million respectively. Sweden ($47m), the United Kingdom ($45m), Norway ($40m), and the Netherlands ($29m) are also important donors.[10] In addition to its regular budget, UNRWA receives funding for emergency activities and special projects.

In 2011, the United States was the largest single donor with a total contribution of over $239 million, followed by the European Commission's $175 million contribution.[11]

According to World Bank data, for all countries receiving more than $2 billion international aid in 2012, Gaza and the West Bank received a per capita aid budget over double the next largest recipient, at a rate of $495.[12][13]

In 2013, $1.1 billion was donated to UNRWA,[14] of which $294 million was contributed by the United States,[15] $216.4 million from the EU, $151.6 million from Saudi Arabia, $93.7 million from Sweden, $54.4 million from Germany, $53 million from Norway, $34.6 million from Japan, $28.8 million from Switzerland, $23.3 million from Australia, $22.4 million from the Netherlands, $20 million from Denmark, $18.6 million from Kuwait, $17 million from France, $12.3 million from Italy, $10.7 million from Belgium as well as $10.3 million from all other countries.[16]

In 2016, the United States donated $368 million to the agency, and $350 million in 2017, but has cut around one third of its contributions for 2018.[17] In January 2018, the United States withheld $65 million, roughly half the amount due in the month, again creating a financial crisis for UNRWA.[18] Belgium and Netherlands plan to increase their contributions to UNRWA.[17]

History

Before Oslo Accords

Before the signing of the Oslo Accords, international aid for the West Bank and Gaza came mainly from Western and Arab states, mostly through UN agencies such as UNRWA. Most programs were started or developed during the 1970s, and expanded during the 1980s. Most of the aid was channeled through PNGOs or INGOs.[19] Although the stance of the donors during the pre-Oslo period is regarded by some analysts, such as Rex Brynen, as controversial and linked with phenomena such as corruption, nationalism and factional rivalries,[20] international aid effectively financed a series of programs in the sectors of agriculture, infrastructure, housing and education.[21]

Oslo Accords

The Oslo Accords, officially signed[22] on September 13, 1993, contained substantial provisions on economic matters and international aid: Annex IV of the Declaration of Principles (DoP) discusses regional cooperation and implicitly calls for major international aid efforts to help the Palestinians, Jordan, Israel and the entire region.[23]

On October 1, 1993, the international donor community (nations and institutions[24]) met in Washington to mobilize support for the peace process, and pledged to provide approximately $2.4 billion to the Palestinians over the course of the next five years.[25] The international community's action was based on the premise that it was imperative to garner all financial resources needed to make the agreement successful, and with a full understanding that in order for the Accords to stand in the face of daily challenges on the ground, ordinary Palestinians needed to perceive positive change in their lives.[26] Therefore, the donors had two major goals: to fuel Palestinian economic growth and to build public

support for negotiations with Israel.[27] According to Scott Lasensky, "throughout the follow-up talks to the DoP that produced the Gaza-Jericho Agreement (May 1994), the Early Empowerment Agreement (August 1994), the Interim Agreement (September 1995), and the Hebron Accord (January 1997), [...] economic aid hovered over the process and remained the single most critical external component buttressing the PNA."[28]

1993–2000

Between 1993 and 1997 the PNA faced serious economic and financial problems.[29] International aid prevented the collapse of the local economy, and contributed to the establishment of the Palestinian administration.[30] Donors' pledges continued to increase regularly (their value had risen to approximately $3,420 million as of the end of October 1997) as a result of the faltering peace process, along with the increase in needs and the consequent increase in the assistance necessary for Palestinians to survive.[31] Reality led, however, to a revision of the donors' priorities:[32] Out of concern that the deteriorating economic conditions could result in a derailment of the peace process, donor support was redirected to finance continued budgetary shortfalls, housing programs and emergency employment creation.[33] According to a more critical approach, international aid in the mid-1990s supported PNA's bureaucracy[34] and belatedly promoted the centralization of political power, but in a way that did not enhance government capacity and harmed the PNGOs.[35] In 1994–1995 problems of underfunding, inefficiency and poor aid coordination marked donors' activity, and led to tensions among the different aid bodies, and between the international community and the PNA.[36] In 1996, the link between development assistance and the success of the peace process was made explicit by the President of the World Bank, James Wolfensohn, who stated: "The sense of urgency is clear. Peace will only be assured in that area if you can get jobs for those people."[37]

After 1997, there was a reduction in the use of closure policy by Israel, which led to an employment growth and an expansion of the West Bank and Gaza economy.[38] After the signing of the Wye River Memorandum, a new donors' conference was convened, and over $2 billion was pledged to the PNA for 1999–2003.[39] Nevertheless, overall donor disbursements fell in 1998–2000, and the 1998 disbursements=to-commitments ratio was the lowest since 1994.[40] As for international institutions, they began to play a bigger role in the international funding process, in spite of the decline in the absolute value of these institutions' total commitments.[41] After 1997, the need for donor support for the current budget and employment generation programs receded due to the PA's improved fiscal performance, and attention was focused instead on infrastructures to the detriment of institution building.[40] Donors' activity was also characterized by a decline in support for PNGOs, and by a preference to concessionary loans (instead of grants) with generous grace periods, long repayment periods and low interest rates[42]

2000–06

The second Intifada led to one of the deepest recessions the Palestinian economy

experienced in modern history.[43] In those two years, Palestinian real

GDP per capita shrunk by almost 40 percent.[44] The precipitator of this economic crisis was again a multi-faceted system of restrictions on the movement of goods and people designed to protect Israelis in Israel itself and in the settlements.[43]

{{Timeline of Palestinian Intifadas}}

One of the many frustrations of the crisis was the erosion of the development effort financed by the international community, since the overwhelming emphasis in donor work was now directed towards mitigating the impact of the economic and social crisis. A collapse of the PNA was averted by emergency budget support from donor countries. Despite a significant increase in donor commitments in 2002 compared with 2001, commitments to infrastructure and capacity-building work with a medium-term focus continued to decline. In 2000, the ratio was approximately 7:1 in

favor of development assistance. By 2002, the ratio had shifted to almost 5:1 in favor of

emergency assistance.[45]

Yasser Arafat's death in 2004 and Israel's unilateral disengagement from Gaza created new hopes to the donor community. In March 2005, the Quartet on the Middle East underscored the importance of development assistance, and urged the international donors community to support Palestinian institution building,[46] without however ignoring budgetary support.[47] The Quartet also urged Israel and the PNA to fulfill their commitments arising from the Road map for peace, and the international community "to review and energize current donor coordination structures [...] in order to increase their effectiveness."[46] The international community's attempt in late 2005 to promote Palestinian economic recovery reflected a long-standing assumption that economic development is crucial to the peace process and to prevent backsliding into conflict.[48] Although a mild positive growth returned in 2003 and 2005, this fragile recovery stalled as a result of the segmentation of the Gaza Strip, the stiff restrictions on movements of goods and people across the borders with Israel and Egypt, and the completion of the Israeli West Bank barrier.[49] As the World Bank stressed in December 2005, "growth will not persist without good Palestinian governance, sound economic management and a continued relaxation of closure by GOI."[50]

2006–07

On 25 January 2006, the Islamist organization, Hamas, which is considered by the main donor countries to be a terrorist organization, won the Palestinian legislative elections and formed government on 29 March 2006, without accepting the terms and conditions set by the Quartet.[51] This resulted in the imposition of economic sanctions against the PA, including near cessation of direct relations and aid between most bilateral donors and the PA, with only some multilateral agencies and a few donors continuing direct contact and project administration.[52] The Quartet's decision was criticised by the Quartet's former envoy, James Wolfensohn, who characterized it "a misguided attempt to starve the Hamas-led Palestinians into submission," and of UN's Middle East former envoy, Alvaro de Soto.[53]

Because of the worsening humanitarian crisis, the EU proposed a plan to channel aid directly to the Palestinians, bypassing the Hamas-led government. The Quartet approved the EU proposal, despite an initial US objection, and the EU set up a "temporary international mechanism" (TIM) to channel funds through the Palestinian President for an initial period of three months, which was later extended.[54] Oxfam was one of the main critics of the EU TIM program arguing that "limited direct payments from the European Commission have failed to address this growing crisis."[55]

The emergence of two rival governments in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip in June 2006 presented the international community with the prospect of shouldering a huge aid burden.[56] The World Bank estimated that in 2008 PNA would need $1.2 billion in recurrent budget support, in addition to $300 million in development aid.[57] The formation of the caretaker government in mid-2007 in the West Bank led by Salam Fayyad, led to the resumption of aid to the West Bank PA government which partly reversed the impact of the aid boycott.[58] Nevertheless, economic indicators have not changed considerably. For instance, because of the situation in Gaza, real GDP growth was estimated to be about -0.5% in 2007, and 0.8% in 2008.[59]

According to the Development Assistance Committee, the main multilateral donors for the 2006–2007 period were UNRWA and the EU (through the European Commission); the main bilateral donors were the US, Japan, Canada and five European countries (Norway, Germany, Sweden, Spain and France).[60]

2007–09

Paris pledging conference, 2007[65]
Type of assistanceUS$ billion
Budget support1.5
Humanitarian assistance1.1
Project-based aid 2.1
Other aid 0.8
Amounts being allocated 2.2
Total 2008–20107.7

In December 2007, during the Paris Conference, which followed the Annapolis Conference, donor countries pledged over $7.7 billion for 2008–2010 in support of the Palestinian Reform and Development Program (PRDP).[61] Hamas, which was not invited to Paris, called the conference a "declaration of war" on it.[62] In the beginning of 2008, the EU moved from the TIM mechanism to PEGASE, which provided channels for direct support to the PA's Central Treasury Account in addition to the types of channels used for TIM. The World Bank also launched a trust fund that would provide support in the context of the PA's 2008–2010 reform policy agenda.[63] However, neither mechanism contained sufficient resources to cover the PA's entire monthly needs, thus not allowing the PA to plan expenditures beyond a two-month horizon.[64]

The World Bank assesses that the PA had made significant progress on implementing the reform agenda laid out in the PRDP, and re-establishing law and order. Gaza, however, remained outside the reforms as Hamas controls security and the most important ministry positions there. Palestinian inter-factional tension continued in the West Bank and Gaza, with arrests of people and closures of NGOs by each side, resulting in a deterioration in the ability of civil society organizations to continue to cater to vulnerable groups.[65] Following the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict, an international conference took place in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, where donors pledged almost $4.5 billion for the reconstruction of Gaza. These funds bypassed Hamas, since the PA in collaboration with the donor community has taken the lead in delivering and distributing the assistance.[66] India which is aspiring to be recognized as 'globally respected power' has made concerted efforts in fostering better relations with the PA. When PA President Abbas visited New Delhi in 2008 he was offered a credit of US$20 million (Rs.900 million) by the Indian government. India also continued to offer eight scholarships under ICCR Schemes to Palestinian students for higher studies in India, while also offering several slots for training courses under the ITEC Program.

According to estimates made by the World Bank, the PA received $1.8 billion of international aid in 2008 and $1.4 billion in 2009.[72]

2010

In 2010, the lion's share of the aid came from the European Union and the United States. According to estimates made by the World Bank, the PA received $525 million of international aid in the first half of 2010.[72] Foreign aid is the "main driver" of economic growth in the Palestinian territories.[67] According to the International Monetary Fund, the unemployment rate has fallen as the economy of Gaza grew by 16% in the first half of 2010, almost twice as fast as the economy of the West Bank.[68]

In July 2010, Germany outlawed a major Turkish-German donor group, the Internationale Humanitaere Hilfsorganisation (IHH) (unaffiliated to the Turkish İnsani Yardım Vakfı (İHH))[69] that sent the Mavi Mamara aid vessel, saying it had used donations to support projects in Gaza that are related to Hamas, which is considered by the European Union to be a terrorist organization,[77][70] while presenting their activities to donors as humanitarian help. German Interior Minister Thomas de Maiziere said, "Donations to so-called social welfare groups belonging to Hamas, such as the millions given by IHH, actually support the terror organization Hamas as a whole."[71][70]

2011

In March 2011, there were threats to cut off aid to the PA if it continued to move forward on a unity government with Hamas, unless Hamas formally renounced violence, recognized Israel, and accepted previous Israel-Palestinian agreements.[72] Azzam Ahmed, spokesman for PA President Abbas, responded by stating that the PA was willing to give up financial aid in order to achieve unity, "Palestinians need American money, but if they use it as a way of pressuring us, we are ready to relinquish that aid."[73]

2014

In October 2014, the Cairo Conference on Palestine, an international donor conference on reconstructing the Gaza Strip, garnered $5.4 billion in pledges, of which $1 billion was pledged by Qatar. Half of the pledges were to be used for rebuilding efforts in Gaza, while the remainder was to support the PA budget until 2017.[74]

2018

On 23 March 2018, U.S. President Donald Trump signed the Taylor Force Act into law, which will cut about a third of US foreign aid payments to the PA,[75] until the PA ceases making payment of stipends to terrorists and their surviving families.[76][77]

In July 2018, Australia stopped the A$10M (US$7.5M) in funding that had been sent to the PA via the World Bank, and instead is sending it to the UN Humanitarian Fund for the Palestinian Territories. The reason given was that they did not want the PA to use the funds to assist Palestinians convicted of politically motivated violence.[78]

On 24 August, the United States cut more than $200 million in aid to the PA.[79]

Major donors

Since 1993 the European Commission and the EU member-states combined have been by far the largest aid contributor to the Palestinians.[80]

Arab League states have also been substantial donors, notably through budgetary support of the PNA during the Second Intifada. However, they have been criticized for not sufficiently financing the UNRWA and the PNA, and for balking at their pledges.[81] After the 2006 Palestinian elections, the Arab countries tried to contribute to the payment of wages for Palestinian public servants, bypassing the PNA. At the same time Arab funds were paid directly to Abbas' office for disbursement.[82]

During the Paris Conference, 11% of the pledges came from the US and Canada, 53% from Europe and 20% from Arab countries.[61]

Structure

Donor coordination

Since 1993, a complex structure for donor coordination has been put in place in an effort to balance competing American and European positions, facilitate agenda-setting, reduce duplication, and foster synergies.[83] The overall monitoring of the donors' activities was assigned to the Ad-Hoc Liaison Committee, which was established in November 1993, operates on the basis of consensus, and aims at promoting the dialogue between the partners of the "triangular partnership", namely the donors, Israel, and the PNA.[84]

Human rights organizations concerns

June 2016, Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor has released a report discussing the Israel’s repetitive destruction of EU-funded projects in Palestine. The report "squandered aid" claimed that, since 2001, Israeli authorities have destroyed around 150 development projects, which incurs the EU a financial loss of approximately €58 million. The report estimated the total value of EU squandered aid money, including development and humanitarian projects, amounts to €65million—of which at least €23million were lost during the 2014 assault alone. The Monitor called for investigation on all destruction structures built with funding from the UN, EU or member states on Palestinian land. In addition, the monitor recommended to continue investing in Palestinian development, but substantively penalize the Israeli government when UN- or European-funded projects are targeted.[85]

See also

  • Saudi foreign assistance
  • United States foreign aid
  • United States security assistance to the Palestinian National Authority

Notes

1. ^Keating (2005), 2
2. ^Palestine Human Development Report (2004), 113. According to certain analyses, Palestinians are the largest per capita recipients of international development assistance in the world (Lasensky [2004], 211, Lasensky-Grace [2006]] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221140316/http://www.usip.org/publications/dollars-and-diplomacy-foreign-aid-and-palestinian-question |date=December 21, 2016 }}). Hever (2005), [http://www.alternativenews.org/downloads/task,doc_download/gid,19/ 13, 16] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031092000/http://www.alternativenews.org/downloads/task%2Cdoc_download/gid%2C19/ |date=October 31, 2007 }}, and (2006), 5, 10 refutes this assessment, arguing that Israel is the biggest recipient of total foreign aid in the world. Turner (2006), 747, underscores that the US provides Israel with annual bilateral funds of US$654 per person, which is more than double what the Palestinians receive in multilateral aid. According to Le More (2005), 982, "the United States has also provided [the PNA with] considerable funds, even if they are negligible compared to what it allocates bilaterally to Israel—which alone far exceeds the level of combined international assistance to the Palestinians."
3. ^[https://www.theage.com.au/politics/federal/australia-diverts-palestinian-money-amid-fears-of-support-for-terrorists-20180702-p4zp2l.html Australia diverts Palestinian money amid fears of support for terrorists]
4. ^Palestine Human Development Report (2004), 116 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817181015/http://www.undp.ps/en/newsroom/publications/pdf/other/phdr2004.pdf |date=August 17, 2007 }}
5. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20090811175024/http://www.un.org/unrwa/publications/pdf/uif-june04.pdf UNRWA In Figures]
6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.enpi-info.eu/medportal/news/latest/41062/Palestine-refugees:-EU-calls-for-donors-to-fill-UNRWA-funding-gap |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-06-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720112541/http://enpi-info.eu/medportal/news/latest/41062/Palestine-refugees%3A-EU-calls-for-donors-to-fill-UNRWA-funding-gap |archivedate=2015-07-20 |df= }}
7. ^{{cite web|last=UNRWA|title=Frequently Asked Questions|url=http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=87#funding|accessdate=2011-09-25}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2009/942/re63.htm |title='Sounds worrying' |work=Al Ahram weekly |date=2009-04-09 |accessdate=2014-08-14 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Rntfjltw?url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2009/942/re63.htm |archivedate=13 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/employees-un-agency-palestinian-refugees-strike |title=Employees of UN agency for Palestinian refugees on strike |work=Relief Web citing an AFP report |date=2009-11-17 |accessdate=2014-08-14 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6RnuP8JAl?url=http://reliefweb.int/report/occupied-palestinian-territory/employees-un-agency-palestinian-refugees-strike |archivedate=13 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
10. ^{{cite web|last=UNRWA|title=Financial updates|url=http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=246|accessdate=2011-09-25}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/palestinian-kids-taught-to-hate-israel-in-un-funded-camps-clip-shows/|title=Palestinian kids taught to hate Israel in UN-funded camps, clip shows|publisher=}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ODAT.PC.ZS/countries/1W-PS-CF-ET-CI-AF?display=graph |title=Net official development assistance (ODA) per capita for countries receiving over $2 billion in 2012, latest World Bank figures published in 2014 |work=World Bank |date=2014-08-15 |accessdate=2014-08-15 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Rr2OvU1o?url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ODAT.PC.ZS/countries/1W-PS-CF-ET-CI-AF?display=graph |archivedate=15 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/6.11 |title=World Development Indicators: Aid dependency Table of all countries |work=World Bank |date=2014-08-15 |accessdate=2014-08-15 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Rr2oIfjb?url=http://wdi.worldbank.org/table/6.11 |archivedate=15 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.unrwa.org/search/google/sites%20default%20files%20top%2020%20donors%20overall%20pdf|title=Search UNRWA|publisher=}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.unrwa.org/sites/default/files/top_20_donors_overall.pdf|date=19 March 2014|author=Sadallah Bulbul|title=TOP 20 DONORS TO UNRWA IN 2013|accessdate=2014-09-14}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unrwa.org/sites/default/files/top_20_donors_overall.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-09-14 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806115607/http://www.unrwa.org/sites/default/files/Top_20_donors_overall.pdf |archivedate=2016-08-06 |df= }}
17. ^1 Belgium, Netherlands to supplement UNRWA funds cut by U.S.
18. ^{{cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2018/01/17/middleeast/un-palestinian-aid-agency-funding-cuts-intl/index.html |title=UN Palestinian aid agency says US cuts spark worst-ever financial crisis|publisher=CNN |date=January 17, 2018 |accessdate=January 17, 2018}}
19. ^Since 1970 the role of the INGOs (and in particular of the Northern NGOs) in the delivery of aid was strengthened. (Hanafi-Tabar [2005], 35–36).
20. ^For instance, Jordan's disengagement from its administrative role in the West Bank just after 1990, and the discontent of some Arab states-donors for the Palestine Liberation Organization's stance during the First Gulf War resulted in the Organization's almost complete breakdown (Brynen [2000], 47–48).
21. ^Brynen (2000), 44–48
22. ^Before the signing ceremony, President Bill Clinton and Secretary of State Warren Christopher spoke in very clear terms about America's commitment to provide economic support to the Palestinians. Israeli foreign minister Shimon Peres told Palestinian officials that he had already secured commitments from European countries to give them aid (Lasensky [2002], 93 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126032710/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2002/issue1/lasensky.pdf |date=November 26, 2008 }} and [2004], 219).
23. ^Annex IV (paragraph 1) of the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014001811/http://www.multied.com/Israel/Documents/Oslo.html |date=October 14, 2007 }}: "The two sides will cooperate in the context of the multilateral peace efforts in promoting a Development Program for the region, including the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, to be initiated by the G7. The parties will request the G7 to seek the participation in this program of other interested states, such as members of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, regional Arab states and institutions, as well as members of the private sector."
24. ^22 donor states, major international financial institutions, and states neighboring the West Bank and Gaza (Frisch-Hoffnung [1997], 1243).
25. ^Aid Effectiveness (1999), 11; An Evaluation of Bank Assistance (2002), 2 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817180921/http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/DocUNIDViewForJavaSearch/DB1BC6952F401E0785256B8A0067B726/%24file/west_bank_and_gaza.pdf |date=August 17, 2007 }}; Palestine Human Development Report (2004), 115 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817181015/http://www.undp.ps/en/newsroom/publications/pdf/other/phdr2004.pdf |date=August 17, 2007 }}
26. ^Palestine Human Development Report (2004), 113 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817181015/http://www.undp.ps/en/newsroom/publications/pdf/other/phdr2004.pdf |date=August 17, 2007 }}
27. ^Lasensky-Grace (2006) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010214802/http://www.usip.org/pubs/usipeace_briefings/2006/0810_aid_palestine.html |date=October 10, 2007 }}. According to Yezid Sayigh (2007), 9, "starting with the first international donor conference in October 1993, foreign aidwas intended to demonstrate tangible peace dividends to the Palestinians as well as provide economic reconstruction and development to build public supportfor continued diplomacy.
28. ^Lasensky (2002), 94 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126032710/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2002/issue1/lasensky.pdf |date=November 26, 2008 }} and (2004), 221
29. ^Poor economic performance in these years was the product of many factors, such as the low public investment and the contraction of the regional economy, and they were aggravated by the effects of Israeli closures, permits policies, and other complex restrictions on the movement of people and goods (Aid Effectiveness [1999], 15 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630013239/http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/mna/mena.nsf/Attachments/Aid%20Effectivness%20chp.%202/%24File/chapter2-final.pdf |date=June 30, 2007 }}; Brynen [2000], 64; Le More [2005], 984).
30. ^An Evaluation of Bank Assistance (2002), 24 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817180921/http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/DocUNIDViewForJavaSearch/DB1BC6952F401E0785256B8A0067B726/%24file/west_bank_and_gaza.pdf |date=August 17, 2007 }}; Rocard (1999), 28; Roy (1995), 74–75
31. ^Palestine Human Development Report (2004), 115 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817181015/http://www.undp.ps/en/newsroom/publications/pdf/other/phdr2004.pdf |date=August 17, 2007 }}
32. ^As USAID director Chris Crowley stated, "the political situation often drove the aid disbursement process (Lasensky [2002], 96–97 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126032710/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2002/issue1/lasensky.pdf |date=November 26, 2008 }})."
33. ^An Evaluation of Bank Assistance (2002), 25 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817180921/http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/DocUNIDViewForJavaSearch/DB1BC6952F401E0785256B8A0067B726/%24file/west_bank_and_gaza.pdf |date=August 17, 2007 }}; Brynen-Awartani-Woodcraft (2000), 254
34. ^According to Brynen (2005), 228, "closure [...] exacerbated the tendency of the PNA to use public sector employment as a tool of both political patronage and local job creation. The public sector payroll thus continued to expand at a rapid rate, growing from 9% of GDP in 1995 to 14% by 1997 [...] This sapped public funds needed for investment purposes and threatened to outstrip fiscal revenues."
35. ^Frisch-Hoffnung (1997), 1247–1250
36. ^The Palestinians construed the shortage of aid funding as a form of punishment and as attempt of the donors to impose their own agenda, while US officials blamed "intra-PLO politics, the Palestinian leadership's resistance to donors' standards of accountability, and inexperienced [middle] management (Ball-Friedman-Rossiter [1997], 256; Brynen [2000], 114; Brynen-Awartani-Woodcraft [2000], 222; Lasensky [2004], 223; Roy [1995], 74–75)."
37. ^Ball-Friedman-Rossiter (1997), 257
38. ^GDP grew by an estimated 3.8% in 1998 and 4.0% in 1999, and unemployment fell to 12.4 percent in 1999, almost half its 1996 peak (Aid Effectiveness [1999], 14).
39. ^Lasensky (2002), 98 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126032710/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2002/issue1/lasensky.pdf |date=November 26, 2008 }}; Lasensky (2004), 225; Rocard(1998), 28
40. ^1 Donor Disbursements and Public Investment {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218132812/http://www.arts.mcgill.ca/mepp/unsco/palecon99/014.htm |date=December 18, 2005 }}, UNSCO
41. ^Palestine Human Development Report (2004), 117 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817181015/http://www.undp.ps/en/newsroom/publications/pdf/other/phdr2004.pdf |date=August 17, 2007 }}
42. ^Aid Effectiveness (1999), 18–20; Brynen (2000), 74; UNCTAD (2006), 18 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222044159/http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/gdsapp20061_en.pdf |date=December 22, 2014 }}
43. ^1 Disengagement (2004), 1 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607033956/http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/mna/mena.nsf/Attachments/Disengagement%2BPaper/%24File/Disengagement%2BPaper.pdf |date=June 7, 2007 }}
44. ^Overview (2004), 6 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195910/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WBG-Overview-e.pdf |date=March 3, 2016 }}
45. ^Twenty-Seven Months (2003), 51 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315074744/http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/mna/mena.nsf/Attachments/27%2BMonths%2Bof%2BIntifada%2C%2BClosures/%24File/27%2Bmonths%2BIntifada%2C%2BClosures...An%2BAssessment.pdf |date=March 15, 2008 }}
46. ^1 Quartet Statement - London, March 1, 2005 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815135616/http://www.jmcc.org/new/05/mar/quartet.htm |date=August 15, 2007 }}, Jerusalem Media and Communication Center
47. ^As Rodrigo de Rato stated{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, "substantial external budget assistance is necessary to allow the PNA to continue to function and mobilize political support."
48. ^Sayigh (2007), 9
49. ^According to the World Bank, "the incompatibility of GOI's continuous movement proposal with donor and PA funding criteria, allied with GOI's commitment to protecting access to Israeli settlements, translate to a continuing high level of restriction on Palestinian movement throughout much of the West Bank (Overview [2004], 6, 9 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195910/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WBG-Overview-e.pdf |date=March 3, 2016 }})."
50. ^The Palestinian Economy (2005), 1–2 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070330121527/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/fd807e46661e3689852570d00069e918/5b6ef4b9fa7df950852570d5006a684c/%24FILE/Report%20December%202005.pdf |date=March 30, 2007 }}
51. ^According to the Quartet {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210537/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4665670.stm |date=March 4, 2016 }}, "all members of the future Palestinian government must be committed to non-violence, recognition of Israel and acceptance of previous agreements and obligations, including the roadmap."
52. ^Sayigh (2007), 17; Two Years after London (2007), 30 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195418/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/AHLCMainReportfinalSept18%26cover.pdf |date=March 3, 2016 }}
53. ^Eldar, Quartet to Hold Key Talks {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519210758/http://globalpolicy.org/security/issues/israel-palestine/2006/0503quartet.htm |date=May 19, 2009 }}; McCarthy-Williams, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/13/usa.israel Secret UN report condemns US] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430135832/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/13/usa.israel |date=April 30, 2016 }}; McCarthy-Williams, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/13/usa.israel1 UN Was Pummeled into Submission] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324154000/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/13/usa.israel1 |date=March 24, 2016 }}
54. ^US "Blocks" Palestinian Aid Plan {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115114645/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4976368.stm |date=January 15, 2016 }}, BBC News; Powers agree Palestinian Aid Plan {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082750/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5091460.stm |date=March 4, 2016 }}, BBC News; Palestinians to Get Interim Aid {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808045732/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4756407.stm |date=August 8, 2016 }}, BBC News
55. ^Oxfam, EU Must Resume Aid {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014123714/http://www.oxfam.org/en/news/pressreleases2006/pr060914_palestine |date=October 14, 2008 }}; Oxfam, Middle East Quartet {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080622182034/http://www.oxfam.org.uk/applications/blogs/pressoffice/2007/02/middle_east_quartet_should_end.html |date=June 22, 2008 }}. According to the International Federation for Human Rights, 7 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921201742/http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/tporapport1910.pdf |date=September 21, 2016 }}, "the temporary international mechanism (TIM) did not make up for the impact of the sanctions, because it did not allow for the payment of the wages of Palestinian civil servants."
56. ^Sayigh (2007), 27
57. ^Thus, external aid will be at least 32% of GDP (Palestinian Economic Prospects [2008], 7 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211236/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/AHLCSept15%2C08.pdf |date=March 3, 2016 }}).
58. ^The Bush administration unfroze $86 million in August 2007; the first $10 million was intended to strengthen Mr. Abbas' security forces (Cooper-Erlanger, [https://archive.is/20120908052153/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/03/world/middleeast/03diplo.html?_r=2&oref=slogin&oref=slogin Rice Backs Appointed Palestinian Premier]).
59. ^Implementing the Palestinian Reform (2008), 6 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171540/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WorldBankAHLCMay2%2C08.pdf |date=March 3, 2016 }}; Palestinian Economic Prospects (2008), 6–7 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211236/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/AHLCSept15%2C08.pdf |date=March 3, 2016 }}
60. ^Palestinian Adm. Areas {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212184438/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/38/1882818.gif |date=February 12, 2007 }}, DAC-OECD
61. ^1 2 Implementing the Palestinian Reform (2008), 10 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171540/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WorldBankAHLCMay2%2C08.pdf |date=March 3, 2016 }}
62. ^Palestinians "Win $7bn Aid Vow" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808044258/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7147338.stm |date=August 8, 2016 }}, BBC News
63. ^Implementing the Palestinian Reform (2008), 15 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171540/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/WorldBankAHLCMay2%2C08.pdf |date=March 3, 2016 }}; Overview of PEGASE {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322060744/http://www.delwbg.ec.europa.eu/en/funding/pegas_documents.htm |date=March 22, 2009 }}, European Commission
64. ^Palestinian Economic Prospects (2008), 35 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211236/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/AHLCSept15%2C08.pdf |date=March 3, 2016 }}
65. ^Palestinian Economic Prospects (2008), 5–6 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211236/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/AHLCSept15%2C08.pdf |date=March 3, 2016 }}
66. ^Fund-Channeling Options (2009), 6; Pleming & Sharp, Donors Pledge £3.2 billion for Gaza{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
67. ^1 2 David Wainer {{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-08/palestinians-lure-banks-with-first-sukuk-bills-islamic-finance.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-12-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101212090617/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-08/palestinians-lure-banks-with-first-sukuk-bills-islamic-finance.html |archivedate=2010-12-12 |df= }} "Palestinians Lure Banks With First Sukuk Bills: Islamic Finance," December 08, 2010, Bloomberg/Business Week
68. ^[Hamas and the Peace Talks,"] The Economist, September 25, 2010, p. 59.
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ihh.org.tr/ihh-insani-yardim-vakfi-ndan-yazili-aciklama--almanya-daki-ihh-nin-bizimle-ilgisi-yok/en/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-07-13 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716224108/http://www.ihh.org.tr/ihh-insani-yardim-vakfi-ndan-yazili-aciklama--almanya-daki-ihh-nin-bizimle-ilgisi-yok/en/ |archivedate=2010-07-16 |df= }}
70. ^1 Germany bans group accused of Hamas links, Ynet 07.12.10 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194202/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0%2C7340%2CL-3918670%2C00.html |date=March 3, 2016 }}
71. ^1 [https://archive.is/20121025095822/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/germany-outlaws-ihh-over-claimed-hamas-links-1.301483 Germany outlaws IHH over claimed Hamas links, Haaretz 12.07.10]
72. ^Herb Keinon and Khaled Abu Toameh, {{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id%3D213947 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-03-29 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023034247/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?id=213947 |archivedate=2012-10-23 |df= }} 'J'lem to cut ties with PA if Hamas added to unity gov't', March 27, 2011, Jerusalem Post
73. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?ID%3D214180%26R%3DR1 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-03-29 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023034312/http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx?ID=214180&R=R1 |archivedate=2012-10-23 |df= }} 'Abbas would give up US aid to reconcile with Hamas' March 28, 2011, Jerusalem Post.
74. ^Michael R. Gordon (October 12, 2014), [https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/13/world/middleeast/us-pledges-212-million-in-new-aid-for-gaza.html Conference Pledges $5.4 Billion to Rebuild Gaza Strip], The New York Times.
75. ^{{cite news|title=Taylor Force Becomes Law|url=https://www.nysun.com/editorials/the-force-of-taylor-force/90222/|accessdate=3 July 2018|publisher=The New York Sun|date=23 March 2018}}
76. ^{{cite news|last1=Tubbs|first1=Ashlyn|title=Senators introduce Taylor Force Act to cut terror attack funding|url=http://www.kcbd.com/story/33272315/senators-introduce-taylor-force-act-to-cut-terror-attack-funding|accessdate=15 November 2016|publisher=KCBD|date=28 September 2016}}
77. ^{{cite news|title=Pay for Slay in Palestine U.S. aid becomes a transfer payment for terrorists|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/pay-for-slay-in-palestine-1490653597|accessdate=8 June 2017|work=Wall Street Journal|date=27 March 2017}}
78. ^{{cite news|title=Reallocation of aid to the Palestinian Authority|url=https://foreignminister.gov.au/releases/Pages/2018/jb_mr_180702a.aspx|accessdate=3 July 2018|work=Australia Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|date=2 July 2018}}
79. ^[https://m.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Trump-cuts-200-million-in-aid-to-Palestinians-565733 TRUMP CUTS $200 MILLION IN AID TO PALESTINIANS]
80. ^Le More (2005), 982
81. ^At Riyadh Summit {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215051413/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/841721.html#resp |date=February 15, 2009 }}, Associated Press; Freund, Do Arab States really Care about the Palestinians? {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035520/http://freund.typepad.com/my_weblog/2007/02/do_arab_states_.html |date=March 4, 2016 }}; Rubin (1998) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310161828/http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/books/36pub.html#D |date=March 10, 2016 }}
82. ^Two Years after London (2007), 30 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195418/http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWESTBANKGAZA/Resources/AHLCMainReportfinalSept18%26cover.pdf |date=March 3, 2016 }}
83. ^Aid Effectiveness (1999), 34; Le More (2004), 213
84. ^Brynen (2002), 92; Lasensky-Grace (2006) {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010214802/http://www.usip.org/pubs/usipeace_briefings/2006/0810_aid_palestine.html |date=October 10, 2007 }}; Le More (2004), 213
85. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.euromedmonitor.org/en/article/1255/Squandered-Aid:-Israel%25E2%2580%2599s-repetitive-destruction-of-EU-funded-projects-in-Palestine|title=Squandered Aid: Israel’s repetitive destruction of EU-funded projects in Palestine|last=Monitor|first=Euro-Med|access-date=2016-08-22}}

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{{refend}}

External links

  • [https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/60396.pdf Report to Congress on US aid the Palestine]

5 : Economy of the State of Palestine|Humanitarian aid|Palestinian politics|Foreign relations of the State of Palestine|Israel, Palestine, and the United Nations
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