| 词条 | International Association of the Congo |
| 释义 |
|native_name = Association internationale du Congo |conventional_long_name = International Congo Society |common_name = Congo |linking_name= International Congo Society |era = New Imperialism |status = Provisional government |event_start = |year_start = 1879 |date_start = 17 November |event_end = Free state established |year_end = 1885 |date_end = 1 July |event1 = Flag recognised |date_event1 = 10 April 1884 |event2 = Sovereignty recognised |date_event2 = 8 November 1884 |p1 = International African Association |flag_p1 = Flag of Congo Free State.svg |p2 = Kingdom of Kongo |flag_p2 = Flag of the Kingdom of Kongo.svg |s1 = Congo Free State |flag_s1 = Flag of Congo Free State.svg | |image_flag = Flag of Congo Free State.svg |flag = Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo |image_map = LocationCongoFreeState.png |capital = Boma | |leader1 = Leopold II of Belgium |title_leader = Owner |representative1 = Maximilien Strauch |title_representative = Chairman |deputy1 = Henry Morton Stanley |title_deputy = Plenipotentiary }}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}} The International Association of the Congo ({{lang-fr|Association internationale du Congo}}), also known as the International Congo Society, was an association founded on 17 November 1879 by Leopold II of Belgium to further his interests in the Congo.[1] {{Dubious|Founded 1879 or 1882?|date=October 2018}} It replaced the Belgian {{illm|Comité d'Études du Haut-Congo|fr}} ("Committee for the Study of the Upper Congo"),[2] which was part of the International African Association front organisation created for the exploration of the Congo. The goals of the International Congo Society was to establish control of the Congo Basin and to exploit its economic resources.[3] The Berlin Conference recognised the society as sovereign over the territories it controlled and on August 1, 1885, i.e. four and half months after the closure of the Berlin Conference, King Leopold's Vice-Administrator General in the Congo, announced that the society and the territories it occupied were henceforth called "the Congo Free State".[4][5][6] Ownership and controlThe official stockholders of the Committee for the Study of the Upper Congo were Dutch and British businessmen and a Belgian banker who was holding shares on behalf of Leopold. Colonel Maximilien Strauch, president of the committee, was a henchman of Leopold. It was not made clear to Henry Morton Stanley, who signed a five-year contract to establish bases in the Congo in 1878, whether he was working for the International African Association, the Committee for Study of the Upper Congo, or Leopold himself. Stanley's European employee contracts forbade disclosure of the true nature of their work.[7] Berlin Conference{{main|Berlin Conference}}The Berlin Conference or Congo Conference of 1884–85 regulated European colonisation and trade in Africa. King Leopold II was able to convince the powers at the conference that common trade in Africa was in the best interests of all countries.[8]{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} The [https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/general-act-berlin-conference-west-africa-26-february-1885 General Act] of the conference divided Africa between the main powers of Europe[9] and confirmed the territory controlled by the Congo Society as its private property, which essentially made it the property of Leopold II.[10] On 10 April 1884 the United States Senate authorised President Chester A. Arthur "to recognize the flag of the AIC as the equal of that of an allied government".[11] On 8 November 1884 Germany recognised the sovereignty of the society over the Congo.[12] See also
External links
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Association-Internationale-du-Congo|title=Association Internationale du Congo|website= Encyclopædia Britannica|date= 22 March 2007}} {{-}}2. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PR8jAQAAIAAJ&dq=international+association+of+the+congo+17+november+1879&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=17++1879|title=Memo from Belgium|last=|first=|date=1978|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=210|language=en}} 3. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_5EoYIaHk70C&pg=PA63|title=Congo: Democratic Republic - Republic|last=Rorison|first=Sean|date=2012-07-20|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|year=|isbn=9781841623917|location=|pages=63|language=en}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Cornelis|first=S.|date=1991|title=Stanley au service de Léopold II: La fondation de l'Etat Indépendant du Congo (1878-1885)|url=|journal=In Cornelis, S. (Ed.), H.M. Stanley: Explorateur au service du Roi. pp. 41-60. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa.|volume=|pages=53–54|via=}} 5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=u4X1CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26|title=Legal problems arising from the United Nations military operations in the Congo|last=Simmonds|first=R.|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer|year=|isbn=9789401192675|location=|pages=26|language=en}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Katzenellenbogen|first=S.|date=1996|title=It didn't happen at Berlin: Politics, economics and ignorance in the setting of Africa's colonial boundaries.|url=|journal=In Nugent, P. and Asiwaju, A. I. (Eds.), African boundaries: Barriers, conduits and opportunities. pp. 21-34. London: Pinter.|volume=|pages=|via=}} 7. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_6Wwpn9nNRAC&pg=PT81|title=King Leopold's Ghost: A Story of Greed, Terror and Heroism in Colonial Africa|last=Hochschild|first=Adam|date=2011-05-13|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=|isbn=9780330469944|location=|pages=81|language=en}} 8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Jql8gymEI_kC&pg=PT128|title=The Quantum Vision of Simon Kimbangu: Kintuadi in 3D|last=V|first=Dom Pedro|date=2011-12-22|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|year=|isbn=9781469140360|location=|pages=128|language=en}} 9. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ayiB-1Ngvd4C&pg=PA304|title=Indigenousness in Africa: A Contested Legal Framework for Empowerment of 'Marginalized' Communities|last=Ndahinda|first=Felix Mukwiza|date=2011-04-27|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=|isbn=9789067046091|location=|pages=304|language=en}} 10. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vk0k8qFPjykC&pg=PA237|title=Race-ing Art History: Critical Readings in Race and Art History|last=Pinder|first=Kymberly N.|date=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|year=|isbn=9780415927604|location=|pages=237|language=en}} 11. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0qlxAAAAMAAJ&dq=to+recognize+the+flag+of+the+AIC+as+the+equal+of+that+of+an+allied+government&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=recognize+aic+flag|title=Bismarck, Europe and Africa: The Berlin Africa Conference 1884-1885 and the Onset of Partition|last=Förster|first=Stig|last2=Mommsen|first2=Wolfgang Justin|last3=Robinson|first3=Ronald Edward|date=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press [for] German Historical Institute|year=|isbn=9780199205004|location=|pages=240|language=en}} 12. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3Q1kDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT29|title=The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: A People's History|last=Nzongola-Ntalaja|first=Georges|date=2013-07-18|publisher=Zed Books Ltd.|year=|isbn=9781780329406|location=|pages=29|language=en}} 7 : Belgian colonisation in Africa|Congo Free State|History of Central Africa|States and territories established in 1879|States and territories disestablished in 1885|1879 establishments in Africa|1885 disestablishments in Africa |
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