“International Encyclopedia of Unified Science”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The International Encyclopedia of Unified Science (IEUS) was a series of publications devoted to unified science. The IEUS was conceived at the Mundaneum Institute in The Hague in the 1930s,^[1] and published in the United States beginning in 1938. It was an ambitious project that was never completed.

The IEUS was an output of the Vienna Circle to address the "growing concern throughout the world for the logic, the history, and the sociology of science..."^[2] Only the first section Foundations of the Unity of Science (FUS) was published; it contains two volumes for a total of nineteen monographs published from 1938 to 1969.

International Congresses for the Unity of Science

Creation of the IEUS was facilitated by the International Congresses for the Unity of Science organized by members of the Vienna Circle. After a preliminary conference in Prague in 1934, the First International Congress for the Unity of Science was held at the Sorbonne, Paris, 16–21 September 1935.^[3]{{rp|171}} It was attended by about 170 people from over twenty different countries. With the active involvement of Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (Poland), Susan Stebbing (England), and Federigo Enriques (Italy) the scope of the project for an IEUS was considerably expanded.^[3]{{rp|173}} The congress expressed its approval of the planned IEUS as proposed by the Mundaneum, and further set up a committee to plan future congresses.^[3]{{rp|173}} This committee included the following members:^[3]{{rp|173}}

The Third International Congress for the Unity of Science, which was devoted exclusively to the IEUS, was held in Paris, 29–31 July 1937.^[3]{{rp|182}}

Volume I

Volume II

Influence

Historian David Hollinger argued that the IEUS was a less comprehensive account of the sciences of the time than it could have been, and was especially weak in the social sciences.^[4] Hollinger noted that the Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences, published around the same time, provided a much more comprehensive account of the social sciences: "The Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (12 vols., New York, 1933–1937) was a prodigious endeavor brought to successful completion by Alvin Johnson. This encyclopedia is a much more important episode in the history of thought than The International Encyclopedia of Unified Science yet has attracted much less attention from historians than the abortive enterprise led by Neurath."^[4] Hollinger also said that the scholarly journal Philosophy of Science, founded in 1934, provided a much more inclusive perspective on the sciences in those years than did the IEUS.^[4]

American political theorist James Burnham refers to the Encyclopedia in Science and Style: A Reply to Comrade Trotsky (1940), his penultimate tract discussing his differences with Leon Trotsky and marking Burnham's renouncement of dialectical materialism. In this text he responds to Trotsky's request to draw his attention to "those works which should supplant the system of dialectic materialism for the proletariat" by referring to Principia Mathematica by Russell and Whitehead and "the scientists, mathematicians and logicians now cooperating in the new Encyclopedia of Unified Science".^[5]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book |last=Neurath |first=Otto |authorlink=Otto Neurath |date=1983 |origyear=1936 |chapter=An international encyclopedia of unified science |editor1-last=Cohen |editor1-first=Robert S. |editor2-last=Neurath |editor2-first=Marie |editor2-link=Marie Neurath |editor3-last=Fawcett |editor3-first=Carolyn R. |title=Philosophical papers, 1913–1946 |series=Vienna Circle collection |volume=16 |location=Dordrecht; Boston |publisher=D. Reidel |pages=139–144 |isbn=9027714835 |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-6995-7_12}}
2. ^{{cite book |editor1-last=Neurath |editor1-first=Otto |editor1-link=Otto Neurath |editor2-last=Carnap |editor2-first=Rudolf |editor2-link=Rudolf Carnap |editor3-last=Morris |editor3-first=Charles W. |editor3-link=Charles W. Morris |date=1969 |origyear=1938 |title=Foundations of the unity of science: toward an international encyclopedia of unified science |location=Chicago |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0226575861 |oclc=186129 |page=103}}
3. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book |last1=Stadler |first1=Friedrich |title=The Vienna Circle: studies in the origins, development, and influence of logical empiricism |date=2015 |origyear=2001 |series=Vienna circle institute library |volume=4 |edition=Abridged and revised |publisher=Springer Verlag |location=Cham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rAlCQAAQBAJ |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-16561-5 |isbn=9783319165608 |oclc=911018849 |accessdate=22 November 2017 |language=en}}
4. ^¹²{{cite journal |last=Hollinger |first=David A. |authorlink=David Hollinger |date=May 2011 |title=The unity of knowledge and the diversity of knowers: science as an agent of cultural integration in the United States between the two world wars |journal=Pacific Historical Review |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=211–230 [216–217] |doi=10.1525/phr.2011.80.2.211}}
5. ^Burhham J. (1940a) Science and Style: A Reply to Comrade Trotsky, in In Defence of Marxism by Leon Trotsky, London 1966, pp.232–256.

Further reading

{{cite book |last=Morris |first=Charles W. |authorlink=Charles W. Morris |date=1962 |origyear=1960 |chapter=On the history of the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science |title=Logic and language: studies dedicated to Professor Rudolf Carnap on the occasion of his seventieth birthday |series=Synthese library |location=Dordrecht |publisher=D. Reidel |pages=242–246 |isbn=9789048183197 |oclc=23127209 |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-2111-0_16 |jstor=20114366 |ref=harv}}

{{cite book |editor1-last=Nemeth |editor1-first=Elisabeth |editor2-last=Stadler |editor2-first=Friedrich |editor2-link=Friedrich Stadler |date=1996 |title=Encyclopedia and utopia: the life and work of Otto Neurath (1882–1945) |series=Vienna Circle Institute yearbook |volume=4 |location=Dordrecht; Boston |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |isbn=0792341619 |oclc=36219438 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pyh6lWumcyMC |ref=harv}}

{{cite book |last=Neurath |first=Otto |authorlink=Otto Neurath |date=1983 |origyear=1936 |chapter=Encyclopedia as 'model' |editor1-last=Cohen |editor1-first=Robert S. |editor2-last=Neurath |editor2-first=Marie |editor2-link=Marie Neurath |editor3-last=Fawcett |editor3-first=Carolyn R. |title=Philosophical papers, 1913–1946 |series=Vienna Circle collection |volume=16 |location=Dordrecht; Boston |publisher=D. Reidel |pages=145–158 |isbn=9027714835 |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-6995-7_13 |ref=harv}}

{{cite journal |last=O'Neill |first=John |authorlink=John O'Neill (philosopher) |date=September 2003 |title=Unified science as political philosophy: positivism, pluralism and liberalism |journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=575–596 |doi=10.1016/S0039-3681(03)00048-7 |ref=harv}}

{{cite book |last=Pombo |first=Olga |date=2011 |chapter=Neurath and the encyclopaedic project of unity of science |editor1-last=Symons |editor1-first=John |editor2-last=Pombo |editor2-first=Olga |editor3-last=Torres |editor3-first=Juan Manuel |title=Otto Neurath and the unity of science |series=Logic, epistemology and the unity of science |volume=18 |location=Dodrecht; New York |publisher=Springer Verlag |pages=59–70 |isbn=9789400701427 |oclc=723045353 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-0143-4_5 |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_HXg1CjCG0C&pg=PA59 |ref=harv}}

{{cite journal |last=Potochnik |first=Angela |date=May 2011 |title=A Neurathian conception of the unity of science |journal=Erkenntnis |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=305–319 |doi=10.1007/s10670-010-9228-0 |url=http://homepages.uc.edu/~potochaa/unity.pdf |ref=harv}}

{{cite journal |last=Reisch |first=George A. |date=June 1994 |title=Planning science: Otto Neurath and the International Encyclopedia of Unified Science |journal=The British Journal for the History of Science |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=153–175 |doi=10.1017/S0007087400031873 |jstor=4027433 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJ68n_9XXAwC&pg=PA131 |ref=harv}}

{{cite book |last=Zolo |first=Danilo |date=1989 |origyear=1986 |chapter=The unity of science as a historico-sociological goal: from the primacy of physics to the epistemological priority of sociology |title=Reflexive epistemology: the philosophical legacy of Otto Neurath |series=Boston studies in the philosophy of science |volume=118 |location=Dordrecht; Boston |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |pages=83–106 |isbn=0792303202 |oclc=19814200 |doi=10.1007/978-94-009-2415-4_5 |ref=harv}}

5 : 1938 books|Encyclopedias of science|Encyclopedism|Science studies|Vienna Circle