“International primate trade”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The international trade in primates sees 32,000 wild non-human primates (NHPs) trapped and sold on the international market every year.{{Citation needed|date=May 2010}} They are sold mostly for use in animal testing{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}, but also for food, for exhibition in zoos and circuses, and for private use as companion animals.

Countries involved

The United States imports around one third of all NHPs sold internationally, with the United Kingdom importing the second highest number. Japan, Russia, The Netherlands, France, and Taiwan also rank among the top importing countries.

The NHPs are exported from Indonesia, Malaysia, Kenya, Thailand, Philippines, Mauritius, Amazonian regions across South America, and China, where they exist indigenously.

How the NHPs are caught and held

They are caught by local villagers and farmers, who set traps with baited nets and or by laying bait in crates. Entire families may be caught in the nets, with any undesirable NHPs being killed and sold for food.

Those who survive are taken in crates to holding centers, possibly without food or water. The centers are reportedly overcrowded and dirty; the primates may not be able to stand in the crates, and many die. Others are weeded out because they are ill, too thin, or too old, with females and babies being the most desirable.^[1]

According to a 1992 investigation by the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection, 75% of the NHPs may be killed at the holding centers.^[2]

Animal testing

NHPs may be imported into the U.S. and sold for "scientific, educational, or exhibition purposes," and for use in breeding colonies. According to the AESOP Project, the majority of NHPs are imported to the U.S. to be used in laboratories.

23,465 non-human primates destined for laboratories or laboratory suppliers were imported into the U.S. in 2014 including macaques, grivets and capuchins. The majority of these animals were from China, Mauritius, Cambodia and Vietnam, respectively. Covance, Charles River Laboratories and SNBL USA are the largest U.S. importers of monkeys destined for laboratories.^[3] Between 1995 and 1999, 1,580 wild baboons were imported into the United States.^[4]

Airlines have been under "significant pressure" from PETA and other groups to end their transport of monkeys and other animals to laboratories.^[5] According to PETA, over 110 airlines refuse to transport monkeys to laboratories, many after being the target of the animal welfare group’s campaigns.^[6]

As of 2015, Air France remains the last major airline to still transport nonhuman primates to laboratories. While Air France has defended the practice, saying the use of monkeys in research is needed, others including PETA, Jane Goodall, James Cromwell and Peter Gabriel have criticized the airline.^[7]

See also

Notes

1. ^Howard, Linda & Jones, Dena. "Trafficking in Misery: The Primate Trade", Animal Issues, Volume 31, Number 3, Fall 2000.
2. ^"Next of kin", British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection.
3. ^{{cite web|title=U.S. primate import statistics for 2014|url=http://www.ippl.org/gibbon/u-s-primate-import-statistics-2014/|website=International Primate Protection League|publisher=26 January 2015|accessdate=14 July 2015}}
4. ^Figures from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, LEMIS (Law Enforcement Management Information Service), cited in Howard, Linda & Jones, Dena. "Trafficking in Misery: The Primate Trade", Animal Issues, Volume 31, Number 3, Fall 2000.
5. ^{{cite news|last1=Wadman|first1=Meredith|title=Activists ground primate flights|url=http://www.nature.com/news/activists-ground-primate-flights-1.10255|accessdate=14 July 2015|agency=Nature|date=20 March 2012}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=Airlines That DO and That DO NOT Ship Primates to Labs|url=http://www.peta.org/action/campaigns/airlines-ship-primates-labs/|website=PETA.org|publisher=PETA|accessdate=14 July 2015}}
7. ^{{cite news|last1=Meikle|first1=James|title=Jane Goodall and Peter Gabriel urge Air France to stop ferrying lab monkeys|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/may/20/jane-goodall-peter-gabriel-air-france-stop-monkeys-transport|accessdate=14 July 2015|agency=The Guardian|date=20 May 2014}}